Among congenital heart diseases, those with univentricular physiology stand out for the complexity of their clinical management: their treatment pathway, palliative in nature, culminates in the Fontan procedure. While this procedure has markedly improved survival, it also leaves patients exposed to a substantial risk of long-term hemodynamic and systemic complications. The chronic increase in systemic venous pressure that characterizes this circulation indeed drives a slow, progressive multiorgan remodeling. Because this deterioration is often insidious, the early identification of at-risk patients is decisive for prognostic stratification and clinical management. The aim of our study was to assess, from a longitudinal perspective, the correlations between cardiac deterioration, progression of liver disease, and reduction in functional capacity in adult patients with Fontan circulation, identifying the clinical, echocardiographic, hepatological, and elastographic parameters most closely correlated with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameters. This single-center, retrospective observational study was conducted at the Cardiology Unit 1 of Padua University Hospital, on 37 adult patients who had undergone the Fontan procedure between 1983 and 2012 and were followed up between 2015 and 2026. For each patient, echocardiographic, invasive hemodynamic, and ergospirometric data were collected at baseline and at the last available follow-up, together with laboratory tests, hepatological assessment, and elastometry (liver stiffness, LSM; spleen stiffness, SSM; controlled attenuation parameter, CAP). The cohort was stratified according to the presence of advanced liver disease (≥2 VAST criteria: varices, ascites, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia) and of evolving heart disease (valvular and/or systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction). Patients with advanced liver disease showed older age, lower peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and a significantly higher prevalence of heart failure, ascites, hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and atrial fibrillation/flutter, as well as higher liver and spleen stiffness, CAP, GGT, NT-proBNP, and MELD-XI, and lower hemoglobin, albumin, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). On CPET, they displayed significantly reduced peak heart rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), VO₂ at the anaerobic threshold (AT1), and Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope 3 (OUES). Evolving heart disease was associated with older age, a higher prevalence of heart failure, significantly higher NT-proBNP and MELD-XI values, and a significant reduction in VO₂ max, VO₂ at AT1, forced vital capacity (FVC%), and the Tiffeneau index, but not in OUES. A significant inverse correlation was also observed between liver stiffness and peak SpO₂, particularly marked in the advanced liver disease group, along with a direct correlation between spleen stiffness and the dead space/tidal volume ratio. The results confirm that the progression of Fontan failure follows a pathophysiological continuum in which systemic venous hypertension drives multiorgan remodeling: evolving heart disease is associated with a predominantly central hemodynamic impairment, whereas advanced liver disease identifies an integrated systemic involvement (cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and hematological), with a further reduction in peripheral functional efficiency. Hepatic and splenic elastographic parameters emerge as potential non-invasive clinical markers of multisystemic deterioration, correlated with the functional decline detected on CPET. Despite the limitations of the small sample size and the single- center design, the data support the usefulness of a multiparametric surveillance protocol for the early risk stratification of adult Fontan patients.
Tra le cardiopatie congenite, le forme a fisiologia univentricolare si distinguono per la complessità della gestione clinica: il loro percorso terapeutico, di natura palliativa, culmina nell'intervento di Fontan. Se da un lato questa procedura ha sensibilmente migliorato la sopravvivenza, dall'altro lascia i pazienti esposti a un rischio rilevante di complicanze emodinamiche e sistemiche a distanza. L'aumento cronico della pressione venosa sistemica che caratterizza questa circolazione promuove infatti un rimodellamento multiorgano lento e progressivo. Tale deterioramento, spesso subdolo, rende l'identificazione precoce dei pazienti a rischio determinante per la stratificazione prognostica e la gestione clinica. Lo scopo del nostro studio è valutare, in una prospettiva longitudinale, le correlazioni tra deterioramento cardiaco, progressione dell'epatopatia e riduzione della capacità funzionale in pazienti adulti con circolazione di Fontan, individuando i parametri clinici, ecocardiografici, epatologici ed elastografici maggiormente correlati al CPET. Lo studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico è stato condotto presso l'U.O.C. di Cardiologia 1 dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, su 37 pazienti adulti sottoposti a intervento di Fontan tra il 1983 e il 2012 e seguiti tra il 2015 e il 2026. Per ciascuno sono stati raccolti, in valutazione basale e all'ultimo follow-up, dati ecocardiografici, emodinamici invasivi ed ergospirometrici, insieme a esami ematochimici, valutazione epatologica ed elastometria (LSM, SSM, CAP). La coorte è stata stratificata in base alla presenza di epatopatia evolutiva (≥2 criteri VAST: varici, ascite, splenomegalia, trombocitopenia) e di cardiopatia evolutiva (disfunzione valvolare e/o sistolica e/o diastolica). I pazienti con epatopatia evolutiva presentavano età maggiore, saturazione periferica di ossigeno (SpO₂) inferiore e prevalenza significativamente più elevata di scompenso cardiaco, ascite, epatomegalia, cirrosi, ipertensione portale e fibrillazione/flutter atriale, oltre a valori superiori di rigidità epatica e splenica, CAP, GGT, NT-proBNP e MELD-XI, e ridotti valori di emoglobina, albumina e GFR. Al CPET mostravano frequenza cardiaca massima, VO₂ max, VO₂ AT1 e OUES significativamente ridotti. La cardiopatia evolutiva si associava a età maggiore, maggiore prevalenza di scompenso cardiaco, valori di NT-proBNP e MELD-XI significativamente più elevati e a una riduzione significativa di VO₂ max, VO₂ AT1, capacità vitale forzata (FVC%), indice di Tiffeneau ma non di OUES. Si osservava inoltre una correlazione inversa significativa tra rigidità epatica e SpO₂ al picco, particolarmente marcata nel gruppo con epatopatia evolutiva, e una correlazione diretta tra rigidità splenica e rapporto spazio morto/volume corrente. I risultati confermano che la progressione del Fontan failure segue un continuum fisiopatologico in cui l'ipertensione venosa sistemica guida un rimodellamento multiorgano: la cardiopatia evolutiva si associa a una compromissione emodinamica prevalentemente centrale, mentre l'epatopatia evolutiva identifica un coinvolgimento sistemico integrato (cardiaco, polmonare, epatico, renale ed ematologico), con ulteriore riduzione dell'efficienza funzionale periferica. I parametri elastografici epatici e splenici si configurano come potenziali parametri clinici non invasivi del deterioramento multisistemico, correlati al deterioramento funzionale evidenziato al CPET. Pur con i limiti della ridotta numerosità e della natura monocentrica, i dati supportano l'utilità di un protocollo di sorveglianza multiparametrica per la stratificazione precoce del rischio nei pazienti Fontan adulti.
Interazione cardio-epatica nei pazienti adulti con circolazione di Fontan: associazione con i parametri del test cardiopolmonare
PENSA, RICCARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
Among congenital heart diseases, those with univentricular physiology stand out for the complexity of their clinical management: their treatment pathway, palliative in nature, culminates in the Fontan procedure. While this procedure has markedly improved survival, it also leaves patients exposed to a substantial risk of long-term hemodynamic and systemic complications. The chronic increase in systemic venous pressure that characterizes this circulation indeed drives a slow, progressive multiorgan remodeling. Because this deterioration is often insidious, the early identification of at-risk patients is decisive for prognostic stratification and clinical management. The aim of our study was to assess, from a longitudinal perspective, the correlations between cardiac deterioration, progression of liver disease, and reduction in functional capacity in adult patients with Fontan circulation, identifying the clinical, echocardiographic, hepatological, and elastographic parameters most closely correlated with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameters. This single-center, retrospective observational study was conducted at the Cardiology Unit 1 of Padua University Hospital, on 37 adult patients who had undergone the Fontan procedure between 1983 and 2012 and were followed up between 2015 and 2026. For each patient, echocardiographic, invasive hemodynamic, and ergospirometric data were collected at baseline and at the last available follow-up, together with laboratory tests, hepatological assessment, and elastometry (liver stiffness, LSM; spleen stiffness, SSM; controlled attenuation parameter, CAP). The cohort was stratified according to the presence of advanced liver disease (≥2 VAST criteria: varices, ascites, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia) and of evolving heart disease (valvular and/or systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction). Patients with advanced liver disease showed older age, lower peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and a significantly higher prevalence of heart failure, ascites, hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and atrial fibrillation/flutter, as well as higher liver and spleen stiffness, CAP, GGT, NT-proBNP, and MELD-XI, and lower hemoglobin, albumin, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). On CPET, they displayed significantly reduced peak heart rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), VO₂ at the anaerobic threshold (AT1), and Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope 3 (OUES). Evolving heart disease was associated with older age, a higher prevalence of heart failure, significantly higher NT-proBNP and MELD-XI values, and a significant reduction in VO₂ max, VO₂ at AT1, forced vital capacity (FVC%), and the Tiffeneau index, but not in OUES. A significant inverse correlation was also observed between liver stiffness and peak SpO₂, particularly marked in the advanced liver disease group, along with a direct correlation between spleen stiffness and the dead space/tidal volume ratio. The results confirm that the progression of Fontan failure follows a pathophysiological continuum in which systemic venous hypertension drives multiorgan remodeling: evolving heart disease is associated with a predominantly central hemodynamic impairment, whereas advanced liver disease identifies an integrated systemic involvement (cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and hematological), with a further reduction in peripheral functional efficiency. Hepatic and splenic elastographic parameters emerge as potential non-invasive clinical markers of multisystemic deterioration, correlated with the functional decline detected on CPET. Despite the limitations of the small sample size and the single- center design, the data support the usefulness of a multiparametric surveillance protocol for the early risk stratification of adult Fontan patients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109877