Study background Primary Brain Calcification (PBC), previously known as Primary Familial Brain Calcification or Fahr’s disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder affecting the NVU, characterized by bilateral cerebral calcifications of the basal ganglia and sometimes other brain anatomical areas. It is a genetically determined condition whose spectrum of manifestations ranges from the absence of clinically evident symptoms to the presence of movement disorders, cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms. Despite significant advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanism underlying PBC and the discovery of its genetic basis, studies regarding the neurophysiological characterization of the disease are very limited in the literature. Neurophysiological techniques have already proven useful in other neurodegenerative disorders involving the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), as they allow for a more in-depth understanding of the biological substrate, opening the way to new management and treatment perspectives. Study objective The aim of the study was to characterize, from a neurophysiological standpoint, patients with PBC followed at the Neurology Clinic of AOPD. In particular, functional brain connectomics and movement disorders were investigated, correlating the obtained data with the patients’ clinical features and comparing them with healthy controls and subjects with PD. Materials and methods Sixteen patients with PBC were characterized by means of objective kinematic analysis of movement (finger tapping and reaching-to-point tasks) and HD-EEG. Symptoms were assessed using several clinical scales, including MDS-UPDRS, SARA, MoCA and BDI-II. Data were compared with PD patients and healthy controls, and correlated with the clinical and neuroradiological features of PBC patients. Results Comparative analysis of kinematic data revealed that movement amplitude and velocity are impaired, specifically reduced, in PBC patients, both compared to healthy controls and, to a lesser extent, compared to PD patients. No sequence effect was observed, a feature typically seen in PD. An intragroup analysis of PBC patients with overt versus subtle parkinsonism showed that movement amplitude and velocity are reduced relative to healthy controls even in patients with subclinical symptoms, whereas dysrhythmia emerged as an additional feature in patients with overt parkinsonism. Connectomics analysis revealed the presence of a network characterized by β-band hyperconnectivity in PD patients, which is further increased in PBC. Clinical/neurophysiological-neuroradiological correlations showed that movement velocity and amplitude, rhythm and curvature index all directly correlate with MDS-UPDRS III and SARA scores, while velocity is also inversely correlated with MoCA. Finally, the severity of basal ganglia calcifications (TCS) inversely correlates with the degree of altered cortical connectivity in the β network, but not with specific parameters related to bradykinesia. Conclusions The study confirmed that neurophysiological investigations allow for the characterization of the clinical phenotype, improving diagnostic capabilities and providing useful information for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of PBC. PBC patients are characterized by bradykinesia and hypokinesia without a sequence effect, more severe than those observed in PD and present even in cases of subclinical parkinsonism. Cortical connectivity is impaired in the β frequency band, with a pattern similar to but more severe than that seen in PD, and the degree of this dysfunction depends on the severity of calcifications of the basal ganglia. Overall, these data suggest the presence of different network alterations underlying bradykinesia in PBC versus PD, with the former characterized by an earlier and more prominent role of the cortex and cerebellum, in addition to that of the basal ganglia.
Presupposti dello studio: La Primary Brain Calcification (PBC), precedentemente nota come Primary Familial Brain Calcification o malattia di Fahr, è una rara patologia neurodegenerativa che colpisce la NVU, caratterizzata da calcificazioni cerebrali bilaterali dei nuclei della base e talvolta di altre aree anatomiche cerebrali. Si tratta di una patologia geneticamente determinata, il cui spettro di manifestazioni spazia dall’assenza di sintomi clinicamente evidenti alla presenza di disturbi del movimento, declino cognitivo e sintomi psichiatrici. Nonostante i significativi progressi nella comprensione dei meccanismi patogenetici alla base della PBC e la scoperta delle sue basi genetiche, gli studi riguardanti la caratterizzazione neurofisiologica della malattia sono molto limitati in letteratura. Le tecniche neurofisiologiche si sono già rivelate utili in altre patologie neurodegenerative coinvolgenti i nuclei della base (es. PD) poiché permettono di comprenderne in maniera più approfondita il substrato biologico, aprendo la strada a nuove prospettive di gestione e trattamento. Scopo dello studio Lo scopo dello studio è stato caratterizzare da un punto di vista neurofisiologico pazienti affetti da PBC seguiti presso la Clinica Neurologica dell’AOPD. In particolare, è stata indagata la connettomica cerebrale funzionale ed i disturbi del movimento, correlando i dati ottenuti con la clinica dei pazienti e confrontando questi ultimi con controlli sani e soggetti affetti da PD. Materiali e metodi Sono stati caratterizzati 16 pazienti affetti da PBC mediante studio cinematico oggettivo del movimento (finger tapping e reaching-to-point task) e HD-EEG. I sintomi sono stati valutati mediante diverse scale cliniche standardizzate. I dati sono stati confrontati con pazienti PD e controlli sani, e correlati con le caratteristiche cliniche e neuroradiologiche dei PBC. Risultati Dall’analisi comparativa dei dati cinematici è emerso che ampiezza e velocità sono ridotti nei PBC, sia rispetto ai sani che rispetto ai PD. Non vi è invece effetto sequenza, alterazione tipica del PD. Operando un’analisi intragruppo nei pazienti PBC con parkinsonismo franco e subtle, ampiezza e velocità risultano ridotti rispetto ai controlli sani anche nei pazienti con sintomi sfumati, mentre la disritmia emerge solo nei pazienti con parkinsonismo franco. Dall’analisi di connettomica è emersa la presenza di un network caratterizzato da iperconnettività in banda β nei PD, che peggiora ulteriormente nei PBC. Dalle correlazioni clinico/neurofisiologiche-neuroradiologiche è emerso che velocità e ampiezza del movimento, ritmo e indice di curvatura correlano tutti direttamente con i punteggi in MDS-UPDRS III e SARA, mentre la velocità è anche inversamente correlata al MoCA. Infine, la severità delle calcificazioni dei nuclei della base (TCS) correla inversamente con il grado di alterata connettività corticale nel network β, ma non con specifici parametri relativi alla bradicinesia. Conclusioni Lo studio ha confermato come le indagini neurofisiologiche permettano di caratterizzare il fenotipo clinico, migliorando le capacità diagnostiche e fornendo informazioni utili ad una maggiore comprensione dei meccanismi fisiopatologici della PBC. I pazienti affetti da PBC si caratterizzano per bradicinesia e ipocinesia senza effetto sequenza, più severe rispetto a quelle riscontrate nei PD e presenti anche in caso di parkinsonismo subclinico. La connettività corticale è alterata nella banda di frequenza β, con pattern simile ma di entità più severa rispetto al PD, e il grado di questa disfunzione dipende dalla gravità delle calcificazioni a livello dei nuclei della base. Complessivamente, questi dati suggeriscono la presenza di alterazioni di network differenti alla base della bradicinesia tra PBC e PD, con i primi caratterizzati da un ruolo maggiore e precoce di corteccia e cervelletto, oltre a quello dei nuclei della base.
Caratterizzazione neurofisiologica multimodale di pazienti affetti da Primary Brain Calcification
ZANELLA, ARIANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Study background Primary Brain Calcification (PBC), previously known as Primary Familial Brain Calcification or Fahr’s disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder affecting the NVU, characterized by bilateral cerebral calcifications of the basal ganglia and sometimes other brain anatomical areas. It is a genetically determined condition whose spectrum of manifestations ranges from the absence of clinically evident symptoms to the presence of movement disorders, cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms. Despite significant advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanism underlying PBC and the discovery of its genetic basis, studies regarding the neurophysiological characterization of the disease are very limited in the literature. Neurophysiological techniques have already proven useful in other neurodegenerative disorders involving the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), as they allow for a more in-depth understanding of the biological substrate, opening the way to new management and treatment perspectives. Study objective The aim of the study was to characterize, from a neurophysiological standpoint, patients with PBC followed at the Neurology Clinic of AOPD. In particular, functional brain connectomics and movement disorders were investigated, correlating the obtained data with the patients’ clinical features and comparing them with healthy controls and subjects with PD. Materials and methods Sixteen patients with PBC were characterized by means of objective kinematic analysis of movement (finger tapping and reaching-to-point tasks) and HD-EEG. Symptoms were assessed using several clinical scales, including MDS-UPDRS, SARA, MoCA and BDI-II. Data were compared with PD patients and healthy controls, and correlated with the clinical and neuroradiological features of PBC patients. Results Comparative analysis of kinematic data revealed that movement amplitude and velocity are impaired, specifically reduced, in PBC patients, both compared to healthy controls and, to a lesser extent, compared to PD patients. No sequence effect was observed, a feature typically seen in PD. An intragroup analysis of PBC patients with overt versus subtle parkinsonism showed that movement amplitude and velocity are reduced relative to healthy controls even in patients with subclinical symptoms, whereas dysrhythmia emerged as an additional feature in patients with overt parkinsonism. Connectomics analysis revealed the presence of a network characterized by β-band hyperconnectivity in PD patients, which is further increased in PBC. Clinical/neurophysiological-neuroradiological correlations showed that movement velocity and amplitude, rhythm and curvature index all directly correlate with MDS-UPDRS III and SARA scores, while velocity is also inversely correlated with MoCA. Finally, the severity of basal ganglia calcifications (TCS) inversely correlates with the degree of altered cortical connectivity in the β network, but not with specific parameters related to bradykinesia. Conclusions The study confirmed that neurophysiological investigations allow for the characterization of the clinical phenotype, improving diagnostic capabilities and providing useful information for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of PBC. PBC patients are characterized by bradykinesia and hypokinesia without a sequence effect, more severe than those observed in PD and present even in cases of subclinical parkinsonism. Cortical connectivity is impaired in the β frequency band, with a pattern similar to but more severe than that seen in PD, and the degree of this dysfunction depends on the severity of calcifications of the basal ganglia. Overall, these data suggest the presence of different network alterations underlying bradykinesia in PBC versus PD, with the former characterized by an earlier and more prominent role of the cortex and cerebellum, in addition to that of the basal ganglia.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109878