Introduction: Studies on beta thalassemia have shown repeatedly lower cognitive performances but the morphostructural brain underpinnings are still elusive. Methods: Cortical thickness was investigated in 73 beta thalassemia patients (20 non transfusion dependent, NTDT; 53 transfusion dependent, TDT) and 56 healthy controls by means of a 3D-T1 and 3D-FLAIR sequences performed on the same 3.0T scanner (MAGNETOM Skyra, Siemens) with a 20-channel head coil. Study subjects underwent the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) yielding to the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), a derived score that describes the general intelligence. The core subtests of WAIS IV were also grouped as follows: the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), the Working Memory Index (WMI) and the Processing Speed Index (PSI). Main laboratory findings (including hemoglobin levels) were collected for the beta-thalassemia patients. Results: Compared to healthy controls, beta-thalassemia patients showed reduced thickness in two almost symmetric clusters in the temporal lobes and increased thickness in the left occipital lobe. Subgrouping patients according to disease severity, the TDT subgroup showed an additional and partially symmetric cluster of increased thickness in the right occipital lobe. In contrast, NTDT subjects showed significant clusters of reduced temporal thickness only before correction for multiple comparison. The cortical thickness in the occipital clusters showed with ageing a tendency to decrease in healthy controls and to increase in TDT patients thus progressively increasing the difference among subgroups. In contrast, cortical thickness in the temporal clusters does not seem to change with ageing thus keeping an almost constant difference. No correlation between laboratory blood findings and cortical thickness findings survived after correction for multiple comparisons. Pooling TDT patients and controls, there was a strong correlation between cortical thickness and most cognitive scores (FSIQ, VCI, PRI and WMI). Subgrouping TDT patients and controls, no correlation survived after correction for multiple comparisons in any subgroup. However, differences emerged between healthy controls and TDT patients, mainly in the left temporal cluster (where before correction a direct correlation observed among controls was not present in the TDT subgroup) and in the right occipital cluster (where before correction inverse correlations were observed only in the TDT subgroup). Considering all clusters of abnormal thickness in the TDT subgroup, the VCI domain and the left temporal cluster showed the main correlation differences between patients and controls. Conclusions: Striking cortical remodelling is observed among beta-thalassemia patients, especially among subjects with the more severe phenotype. These changes seem to correlate with cognitive performances thus providing the possible neural underpinnings of cognitive impairment in beta thalassemia.
Introduzione: Gli studi sulla beta talassemia hanno ripetutamente dimostrato performance cognitive ridotte, ma le alterazioni morfostrutturali cerebrali alla base di questo fenomeno rimangono ancora poco chiare. Metodi: Lo spessore corticale è stato studiato in 73 pazienti con beta-talassemia (20 non trasfusione-dipendenti, NTDT; 53 trasfusione-dipendenti, TDT) e 57 controlli sani, mediante sequenze 3D-T1 e 3D-FLAIR eseguite con lo stesso scanner 3.0T (MAGNETOM Skyra, Siemens) dotato di bobina head a 20 canali. I soggetti dello studio sono stati sottoposti alla Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Quarta Edizione (WAIS-IV), da cui è stato ricavato il Quoziente Intellettivo full scale (FSIQ), un punteggio derivato che descrive le funzioni cognitive globali. I subtest principali della WAIS-IV sono stati inoltre raggruppati come segue: l'Indice di Comprensione Verbale (VCI), l'Indice di Ragionamento Percettivo (PRI), l'Indice di Memoria di Lavoro (WMI) e l'Indice di Velocità di Elaborazione (PSI). I principali dati di laboratorio (inclusi i valori di emoglobina) sono stati raccolti per i pazienti con beta-talassemia. Risultati: Rispetto ai controlli sani, i pazienti con beta-talassemia hanno mostrato uno spessore corticale ridotto in due cluster quasi simmetrici nei lobi temporali e uno spessore aumentato nel lobo occipitale sinistro. Suddividendo i pazienti in base alla gravità della malattia, il sottogruppo TDT ha evidenziato un ulteriore cluster, parzialmente simmetrico, di ispessimento corticale nel lobo occipitale destro. Al contrario, i soggetti NTDT hanno mostrato cluster significativi di riduzione dello spessore temporale solo prima della correzione per confronti multipli. Lo spessore corticale nei cluster occipitali ha mostrato con l'invecchiamento una tendenza a diminuire nei controlli sani e ad aumentare nei pazienti TDT, aumentando progressivamente la differenza tra i sottogruppi. Al contrario, lo spessore corticale nei cluster temporali non sembra modificarsi con l'età, mantenendo una differenza sostanzialmente costante. Nessuna correlazione tra i dati di laboratorio e i riscontri di spessore corticale è sopravvissuta alla correzione per confronti multipli. Raggruppando i pazienti TDT e i controlli, è emersa una forte correlazione tra lo spessore corticale e la maggior parte dei punteggi cognitivi (FSIQ, VCI, PRI e WMI). Suddividendo i pazienti TDT e i controlli nei rispettivi sottogruppi, nessuna correlazione è sopravvissuta alla correzione per confronti multipli in nessun sottogruppo. Tuttavia, sono emerse differenze tra i controlli sani e i pazienti TDT, principalmente nel cluster temporale sinistro (dove, prima della correzione, una correlazione diretta osservata nei controlli era assente nel sottogruppo TDT) e nel cluster occipitale destro (dove, prima della correzione, correlazioni inverse sono state osservate solo nel sottogruppo TDT). Considerando tutti i cluster di spessore anomalo nel sottogruppo TDT, il dominio VCI e il cluster temporale sinistro hanno mostrato le principali differenze di correlazione tra pazienti e controlli. Conclusioni: Nei pazienti con beta talassemia si osserva un marcato rimodellamento corticale, particolarmente evidente nei soggetti con fenotipo più grave. Tali modificazioni sembrano correlarsi con le performance cognitive, fornendo così i possibili correlati neurali del deficit cognitivo nella beta-talassemia.
Alterazioni dello spessore corticale nella Beta-talassemia e implicazioni sulle capacità cognitive
DAL MEDICO, EDOARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: Studies on beta thalassemia have shown repeatedly lower cognitive performances but the morphostructural brain underpinnings are still elusive. Methods: Cortical thickness was investigated in 73 beta thalassemia patients (20 non transfusion dependent, NTDT; 53 transfusion dependent, TDT) and 56 healthy controls by means of a 3D-T1 and 3D-FLAIR sequences performed on the same 3.0T scanner (MAGNETOM Skyra, Siemens) with a 20-channel head coil. Study subjects underwent the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) yielding to the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), a derived score that describes the general intelligence. The core subtests of WAIS IV were also grouped as follows: the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), the Working Memory Index (WMI) and the Processing Speed Index (PSI). Main laboratory findings (including hemoglobin levels) were collected for the beta-thalassemia patients. Results: Compared to healthy controls, beta-thalassemia patients showed reduced thickness in two almost symmetric clusters in the temporal lobes and increased thickness in the left occipital lobe. Subgrouping patients according to disease severity, the TDT subgroup showed an additional and partially symmetric cluster of increased thickness in the right occipital lobe. In contrast, NTDT subjects showed significant clusters of reduced temporal thickness only before correction for multiple comparison. The cortical thickness in the occipital clusters showed with ageing a tendency to decrease in healthy controls and to increase in TDT patients thus progressively increasing the difference among subgroups. In contrast, cortical thickness in the temporal clusters does not seem to change with ageing thus keeping an almost constant difference. No correlation between laboratory blood findings and cortical thickness findings survived after correction for multiple comparisons. Pooling TDT patients and controls, there was a strong correlation between cortical thickness and most cognitive scores (FSIQ, VCI, PRI and WMI). Subgrouping TDT patients and controls, no correlation survived after correction for multiple comparisons in any subgroup. However, differences emerged between healthy controls and TDT patients, mainly in the left temporal cluster (where before correction a direct correlation observed among controls was not present in the TDT subgroup) and in the right occipital cluster (where before correction inverse correlations were observed only in the TDT subgroup). Considering all clusters of abnormal thickness in the TDT subgroup, the VCI domain and the left temporal cluster showed the main correlation differences between patients and controls. Conclusions: Striking cortical remodelling is observed among beta-thalassemia patients, especially among subjects with the more severe phenotype. These changes seem to correlate with cognitive performances thus providing the possible neural underpinnings of cognitive impairment in beta thalassemia.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109879