Silent cerebral ischemic lesions (SCILs) in watershed vascular territories are among the most common neurological manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD). These lesions appear early in life and are associated with an increased risk of stroke and cognitive impairment. While intracranial arterial stenosis is considered a key pathogenic mechanism in the development of SCILs, the spatial relationship between specific stenoses and parenchymal damage has not been adequately investigated. The study aims to determine, through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, whether intracranial arterial stenoses represent a primary determinant of parenchymal injury when anatomical location and specific vascular territories are rigorously considered. MRI data from 91 patients with sickle cell disease (HbSS or HbSβ⁰ genotype) were prospectively collected. The presence of SCILs in each watershed territory on the most recent FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery) sequences, and the presence of intracranial stenosis on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) were assessed, in a blinded fashion, by two neuroradiologists. For each patient, the MRA with the greatest stenotic burden was selected. A stenosis score was then calculated based on the number of affected arteries supplying each border region and the configuration of the circle of Willis. Nine subjects were excluded from the assessment of SCILs in the posterior watershed regions due to the concomitant presence of bilateral terminal myelination zones. All associations between stenosis and silent infarcts were assessed by adjusting for major clinical confounders. At the whole brain level, a statistically significant correlation emerged between intracranial arterial stenosis and silent brain lesions (p < 0,0001). However, when the analysis was performed at the level of individual watershed territories, the association between territorial stenosis score and lesion load was inconsistent. Only lesion volume in the left posterior watershed territories showed a correlation with ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery stenosis (p = 0,02). Among laboratory parameters, higher mean fetal hemoglobin (%HbF) values were inversely associated with the detection of lesions in the left anterior border territory (p = 0,01), with a trend toward significance for the right anterior territory (p = 0,06). Conversely, higher mean %HbF values were associated with greater lesion volume in the left posterior border territory (p = 0,005). Higher lifetime mean and maximum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values demonstrated a direct correlation with lesion volume in the right and left anterior border territories (p < 0,009). Furthermore, higher mean hemoglobin S (%HbS) values were associated with smaller lesion volume in the left posterior border territory (p = 0,02). These results suggest that intracranial arterial stenosis may represent a biomarker of brain parenchymal involvement in sickle cell disease. However, its direct role in the pathogenesis of silent cerebral ischemic lesions appears limited.
Le lesioni ischemiche cerebrali silenti (Silent Cerebral Ischemic Lesions, SCILs) nei territori vascolari di confine rappresentano una delle manifestazioni neurologiche più comuni dell’anemia falciforme; esse compaiono fin dai primi anni di vita e sono associate ad un aumentato rischio di ictus e compromissione cognitiva. Nonostante le stenosi arteriose intracraniche vengano considerate il meccanismo patogenetico chiave nello sviluppo delle SCILs, la relazione spaziale fra stenosi e danno parenchimale non è stata indagata adeguatamente. Scopo di questo studio è investigare, attraverso tecniche di risonanza magnetica (RM), il ruolo delle stenosi arteriose intracraniche come determinante primario nella formazione di lesioni ischemiche cerebrali silenti, tenendo conto della localizzazione anatomica e dei territori vascolari. I dati di risonanza magnetica di 91 pazienti con anemia falciforme (genotipo HbSS o HbSβ⁰) sono stati raccolti in maniera prospettica. La presenza di SCILs in ciascun territorio di confine nelle sequenze FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery) più recenti e la presenza di stenosi intracraniche alle immagini angiografiche (Angio-RM) sono state indagate, in cieco, da due neuroradiologi. Per ogni paziente è stata selezionata l’Angio-RM con il maggior carico stenotico. In seguito, è stato definito un punteggio di stenosi (Stenosis score) basato sul numero di arterie coinvolte irroranti ciascun territorio di confine e sulla configurazione del circolo di Willis. Nove soggetti sono stati esclusi dalla valutazione di SCILs nei territori di confine posteriori in seguito alla concomitante presenza di zone terminali di mielinizzazione bilaterali. Tutte le associazioni fra stenosi e infarti silenti sono state valutate previa correzione per i principali fattori clinici confondenti. A livello dell'intero encefalo è emersa una correlazione statisticamente significativa fra stenosi arteriose intracraniche e lesioni cerebrali silenti (p < 0,0001). Tuttavia, quando l’analisi è stata compiuta a livello di singoli territori di confine, l'associazione tra Stenosis score territoriale e carico lesionale è risultata incoerente. Solo il volume lesionale nei territori di confine posteriori a sinistra ha evidenziato una correlazione con stenosi omolaterale dell'arteria cerebrale posteriore (p = 0,02). Tra i parametri di laboratorio, valori medi più elevati di emoglobina fetale (%HbF) sono risultati inversamente associati al riscontro di lesioni nel territorio di confine anteriore sinistro (p = 0,01), con una tendenza alla significatività per il territorio anteriore destro (p = 0,06). Al contrario, elevati valori medi di %HbF sono risultati associati ad un volume lesionale maggiore nel territorio di confine posteriore sinistro (p = 0,005). Valori medi e massimi più elevati nel corso della vita di lattato deidrogenasi (LDH) hanno dimostrato una correlazione diretta con il volume lesionale nei territori di confine anteriori destro e sinistro (p < 0,009). Inoltre, valori medi elevati di emoglobina S (%HbS) sono risultati associati ad un volume lesionale minore nel territorio di confine posteriore sinistro (p = 0,02). Questi risultati suggeriscono che, nella drepanocitosi, le stenosi arteriose intracraniche rappresentano un biomarcatore di coinvolgimento del parenchima cerebrale. Peraltro, il loro ruolo diretto nella patogenesi delle lesioni ischemiche cerebrali silenti appare limitato.
Le lesioni cerebrali silenti nella drepanocitosi: il ruolo dell’arteriopatia intracranica
MORO, LEONARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
Silent cerebral ischemic lesions (SCILs) in watershed vascular territories are among the most common neurological manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD). These lesions appear early in life and are associated with an increased risk of stroke and cognitive impairment. While intracranial arterial stenosis is considered a key pathogenic mechanism in the development of SCILs, the spatial relationship between specific stenoses and parenchymal damage has not been adequately investigated. The study aims to determine, through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, whether intracranial arterial stenoses represent a primary determinant of parenchymal injury when anatomical location and specific vascular territories are rigorously considered. MRI data from 91 patients with sickle cell disease (HbSS or HbSβ⁰ genotype) were prospectively collected. The presence of SCILs in each watershed territory on the most recent FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery) sequences, and the presence of intracranial stenosis on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) were assessed, in a blinded fashion, by two neuroradiologists. For each patient, the MRA with the greatest stenotic burden was selected. A stenosis score was then calculated based on the number of affected arteries supplying each border region and the configuration of the circle of Willis. Nine subjects were excluded from the assessment of SCILs in the posterior watershed regions due to the concomitant presence of bilateral terminal myelination zones. All associations between stenosis and silent infarcts were assessed by adjusting for major clinical confounders. At the whole brain level, a statistically significant correlation emerged between intracranial arterial stenosis and silent brain lesions (p < 0,0001). However, when the analysis was performed at the level of individual watershed territories, the association between territorial stenosis score and lesion load was inconsistent. Only lesion volume in the left posterior watershed territories showed a correlation with ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery stenosis (p = 0,02). Among laboratory parameters, higher mean fetal hemoglobin (%HbF) values were inversely associated with the detection of lesions in the left anterior border territory (p = 0,01), with a trend toward significance for the right anterior territory (p = 0,06). Conversely, higher mean %HbF values were associated with greater lesion volume in the left posterior border territory (p = 0,005). Higher lifetime mean and maximum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values demonstrated a direct correlation with lesion volume in the right and left anterior border territories (p < 0,009). Furthermore, higher mean hemoglobin S (%HbS) values were associated with smaller lesion volume in the left posterior border territory (p = 0,02). These results suggest that intracranial arterial stenosis may represent a biomarker of brain parenchymal involvement in sickle cell disease. However, its direct role in the pathogenesis of silent cerebral ischemic lesions appears limited.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109881