Background: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) identifies a heterogeneous group of chronic arthritis, with onset before 16 years of age and unknown aetiology. Some clinical observations seem to show that forms with onset during the COVID-19 pandemic differ from those of the pre-COVID-19 period. It is known that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potent inducer of autoimmune phenomena, both during infection and in the following weeks. In adults, the clinical spectrum of rheumatic manifestations related to COVID-19 ranges from monoarthritis/asymmetric oligoarthritis (51%) to symmetric polyarthritis of the small joints similar to rheumatoid arthritis (20%), to axial forms (11%). Objective of the study: to compare the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of patients with JIA with onset during the five-year period of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2024) with the cohort of patients with disease onset in the pre-pandemic five-year period (2015–2019). Materials and Methods: a retrospective analysis was performed on a prospective data collection of patients diagnosed with oligoarticular and polyarticular JIA, followed at the Paediatric Rheumatology Unit of the Padua University Hospital. Four diagnostic groups were considered: Oligo-pre-COVID-19, Poly-pre-COVID-19, Oligo-post-COVID-19, Poly-post-COVID-19. In addition to demographic and clinical parameters (sex, age at symptom onset, age at diagnosis, type of arthritis, presence of uveitis), the following laboratory data were also considered: presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) with a titre >1:160, positivity for Rheumatoid Factor, and positivity for the histocompatibility locus HLA-B27. The type of therapy, anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive, and disease status at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months from diagnosis were also evaluated. Wallace criteria were used as a reference for outcome classification. For the operational purposes of this study, however, disease status was defined based on the clinical and therapeutic status recorded at each follow-up visit, according to the following categories: - Total remission (TR): absence of signs and symptoms of joint and ocular disease and absence of therapy at the time of the visit. - Partial Remission (PR): absence of disease for at least 6 consecutive months with ongoing therapy. - Active disease (A): presence of signs and symptoms of joint or ocular disease. Results: Polyarticular JIA forms in the 2015–2019 period show a higher prevalence in females compared to the 2020–2024 cohort (90% vs 55%). No statistically significant differences were found, however, regarding age at diagnosis, immunological data (ANA, RF, HLA-B27), presence of uveitis, or use of therapies and prognosis. In contrast, analysing oligoarticular JIA forms, it is observed that age at diagnosis is higher in the COVID-19-related oligo group (7.4 vs 6.0, p<0.05). The different occurrence of uveitis in the COVID-19-related oligo group is statistically significant (10.5% vs 22.9%, p=0.038). AIDs (Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: NSAIDs and corticosteroids) therapies are used more frequently in the COVID-19-related group (p=0.044). Finally, the outcome in Oligo 2020-24 appears favourable: in the first 36 months of disease, 59.0% of patients achieved total remission, whereas this occurred in only 31.3% of Oligo 2015-19 patients. Conclusions: Polyarticular JIA forms with onset in the post-COVID-19 five-year period did not show significant differences compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Oligoarticular JIA with onset in 2020–2024, on the other hand, showed a less severe clinical course, with a lower need for immunosuppressive therapies and total remission in more than half of patients within an average interval of one year.
Presupposti: L’Artrite Idiopatica Giovanile (AIG) identifica un gruppo eterogeneo di artriti croniche, ad esordio antecedente i 16 anni ed eziologia sconosciuta. Alcune osservazioni cliniche sembrano evidenziare che le forme esordite durante la pandemia da COVID-19 siano diverse da quelle del periodo pre-COVID-19. È noto che il virus SARS-CoV-2 sia un potente induttore di fenomeni autoimmuni, sia in corso di infezione sia nelle settimane successive. Negli adulti, lo spettro clinico delle manifestazioni reumatiche legate al COVID-19 varia dalla monoartrite/oligoartrite asimmetrica (51%) alla poliartrite simmetrica delle piccole articolazioni simil-artrite reumatoide (20%), alle forme assiali (11%). Scopo dello studio: confrontare le caratteristiche epidemiologiche, demografiche e cliniche di pazienti con AIG esordita nel quinquennio della pandemia da COVID-19 (2020-2024) con la coorte di pazienti con esordio della malattia nel quinquennio pre-pandemico (2015-2019). Materiali e metodi: è stata effettuata un’analisi retrospettiva di una raccolta prospettica di dati di pazienti con diagnosi di AIG oligoarticolare e poliarticolare, seguiti presso l’UO di Reumatologia Pediatrica dell’AOPD. Sono stati considerati 4 gruppi diagnostici: Oligo-pre-COVID-19, Poli-pre-COVID-19, Oligo-post-COVID-19, Poli-post-COVID-19. Oltre ai parametri demografici e clinici (sesso, età d’esordio dei sintomi, età alla diagnosi, tipo di artrite, presenza di uveite) sono stati considerati anche i seguenti dati di laboratorio: presenza di anticorpi antinucleo (ANA) con titolo > 1:160, positività al Fattore Reumatoide e positività al locus di istocompatibilità HLA-B27. Sono state valutate inoltre il tipo di terapia, antinfiammatoria e/o immunosoppressiva, e lo stato di malattia a 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 mesi dalla diagnosi. I criteri di Wallace sono stati utilizzati come riferimento per la classificazione dell'outcome. Ai fini operativi di questo studio, tuttavia, lo stato di malattia è stato definito sulla base dello stato clinico-terapeutico rilevato puntualmente a ciascuna visita di controllo, secondo le seguenti categorie: - Remissione clinica totale (RT): assenza di segni e sintomi di malattia articolare e oculare e assenza di terapia al momento della visita. - Remissione parziale (RP): assenza di malattia per almeno sei mesi continuativi con terapia ancora in atto. - Malattia attiva (A): presenza di segni e sintomi di malattia articolare o oculare. Risultati: Le forme di AIG poliarticolari del periodo 2015-19 presentano prevalenza maggiore nel sesso femminile rispetto alla coorte 2020-24 (90% vs 55%). Non risultano invece differenze statisticamente significative per quanto riguarda età alla diagnosi, dati immunologici (ANA, FR, HLA-B27) e presenza di uveite, o per assunzione di terapie e prognosi. Analizzando, invece, le forme di AIG oligoarticolare, si osserva che l’età alla diagnosi è maggiore nel gruppo COVID-19-correlato (7.4 vs 6.0, p<0.05). La differente insorgenza di uveite nel gruppo Oligo-COVID-19-correlato è statisticamente significativa (10,5% vs 22,9%, p=0.038). Le terapie con AIDs (Anti-inflammatory Drugs: FANS o corticosteroidi) vengono utilizzate più frequentemente nel gruppo COVID-19-correlato (p=0.044). L’outcome, infine, nelle forme oligoarticolari 2020-24 risulta benigno: nei primi 36 mesi di malattia il 59.0% dei pazienti è andato incontro a remissione totale, mentre questo è successo solo nel 31.3% dei pazienti con artrite oligoarticolare esordita nel quinquennio 2015-19. Conclusioni: Le AIG poliarticolari esordite nel quinquennio post-COVID-19 non hanno presentato differenze significative rispetto al periodo pre-COVID-19. Le AIG oligoarticolari esordite nel periodo 2020-24 hanno invece dimostrato un andamento clinico meno severo, con minor necessità di terapie immunosoppressive e remissione totale in più della metà dei pazienti in un intervallo medio di un anno.
Caratteristiche cliniche e prognosi dell’Artrite Idiopatica Giovanile nel decennio 2015–2024. Studio prospettico monocentrico
TURETTA, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) identifies a heterogeneous group of chronic arthritis, with onset before 16 years of age and unknown aetiology. Some clinical observations seem to show that forms with onset during the COVID-19 pandemic differ from those of the pre-COVID-19 period. It is known that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potent inducer of autoimmune phenomena, both during infection and in the following weeks. In adults, the clinical spectrum of rheumatic manifestations related to COVID-19 ranges from monoarthritis/asymmetric oligoarthritis (51%) to symmetric polyarthritis of the small joints similar to rheumatoid arthritis (20%), to axial forms (11%). Objective of the study: to compare the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of patients with JIA with onset during the five-year period of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2024) with the cohort of patients with disease onset in the pre-pandemic five-year period (2015–2019). Materials and Methods: a retrospective analysis was performed on a prospective data collection of patients diagnosed with oligoarticular and polyarticular JIA, followed at the Paediatric Rheumatology Unit of the Padua University Hospital. Four diagnostic groups were considered: Oligo-pre-COVID-19, Poly-pre-COVID-19, Oligo-post-COVID-19, Poly-post-COVID-19. In addition to demographic and clinical parameters (sex, age at symptom onset, age at diagnosis, type of arthritis, presence of uveitis), the following laboratory data were also considered: presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) with a titre >1:160, positivity for Rheumatoid Factor, and positivity for the histocompatibility locus HLA-B27. The type of therapy, anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive, and disease status at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months from diagnosis were also evaluated. Wallace criteria were used as a reference for outcome classification. For the operational purposes of this study, however, disease status was defined based on the clinical and therapeutic status recorded at each follow-up visit, according to the following categories: - Total remission (TR): absence of signs and symptoms of joint and ocular disease and absence of therapy at the time of the visit. - Partial Remission (PR): absence of disease for at least 6 consecutive months with ongoing therapy. - Active disease (A): presence of signs and symptoms of joint or ocular disease. Results: Polyarticular JIA forms in the 2015–2019 period show a higher prevalence in females compared to the 2020–2024 cohort (90% vs 55%). No statistically significant differences were found, however, regarding age at diagnosis, immunological data (ANA, RF, HLA-B27), presence of uveitis, or use of therapies and prognosis. In contrast, analysing oligoarticular JIA forms, it is observed that age at diagnosis is higher in the COVID-19-related oligo group (7.4 vs 6.0, p<0.05). The different occurrence of uveitis in the COVID-19-related oligo group is statistically significant (10.5% vs 22.9%, p=0.038). AIDs (Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: NSAIDs and corticosteroids) therapies are used more frequently in the COVID-19-related group (p=0.044). Finally, the outcome in Oligo 2020-24 appears favourable: in the first 36 months of disease, 59.0% of patients achieved total remission, whereas this occurred in only 31.3% of Oligo 2015-19 patients. Conclusions: Polyarticular JIA forms with onset in the post-COVID-19 five-year period did not show significant differences compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Oligoarticular JIA with onset in 2020–2024, on the other hand, showed a less severe clinical course, with a lower need for immunosuppressive therapies and total remission in more than half of patients within an average interval of one year.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109890