Background: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is employed to prevent end-expiratory alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation. The best strategy to select PEEP during pressure support ventilation (PSV) in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) has not been extensively studied: PEEP is frequently selected empirically. A recently proposed strategy to set PEEP combines electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and transpulmonary pressure monitoring to balance alveolar collapse and overdistension (1). Another approach may identify the optimal PEEP during PSV based on the ability to maintain stable end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI), reflecting sustained alveolar recruitment, similarly to what happens in controlled ventilation (2). An alternative strategy may aim to optimize ventilation/perfusion matching. With this study we aimed to compare different strategies for PEEP selection during PSV and evaluate their agreement. Materials and Methods: PEEP levels selected according to the following three criteria were applied during an incremental PEEP trial in patients on pressure support ventilation monitored with esophageal catheter and electrical impedance tomography (EIT): the PEEP offering the best compromise between EIT-based overdistension and collapse, the PEEP associated with the least negative EIT-based delta end-expiratory lung impedance (ΔEELI), and the PEEP associated with the least amount of EIT-based unmatched pixels. PEEP levels, as well as the corresponding physiologic variables, were compared. Agreement among PEEP-selection methods was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) based on a two-way absolute-agreement model. Pairwise agreement between methods was further evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Fifteen patients (median age 72 years old, 10 men) were studied. The selected PEEP levels did not differ significantly among the four PEEP-selection strategies (Friedman test, p = 0,044). The single-measure ICC for absolute agreement was -0,17 (IC95%: -0.33; 0,14), whereas the average-measure ICC was-0,79 (IC95%: -2.92; 0.32). Bland–Altman analysis showed small mean biases between methods, but relatively wide limits of agreement. When physiologic variables measured at the PEEP selected by each criterion were compared, no significant differences were observed. The change in serum sodium concentration from before to after the protocol was 1.1 [-0.2 to 2.1] mEq/L. Conclusions: The three PEEP-selection criteria did not yield significantly different selected PEEP levels. However, these methods should not be considered fully interchangeable at the individual-patient level. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and the limited number of complete cases available for some analyses.
Presupposti dello studio: La pressione positiva di fine espirazione (PEEP) viene impiegata per prevenire il collasso alveolare di fine espirazione e migliorare l'ossigenazione. La strategia migliore per selezionare la PEEP durante la ventilazione a pressione di supporto (PSV) in pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria ipossiemica acuta (AHRF) non è stata ampiamente studiata: la PEEP viene spesso selezionata in modo empirico. Una strategia proposta di recente per impostare la PEEP combina la tomografia a impedenza elettrica (EIT) e il monitoraggio della pressione transpolmonare per bilanciare il collasso alveolare e la sovradistensione (1). Un altro approccio potrebbe identificare la PEEP ottimale durante la PSV in base alla capacità di mantenere un'impedenza polmonare di fine espirazione (EELI) stabile, riflettendo un reclutamento alveolare sostenuto, analogamente a quanto avviene nella ventilazione controllata (2). Una strategia alternativa potrebbe mirare a ottimizzare l'accoppiamento ventilazione/perfusione (V/Q mismatch). Con questo studio ci siamo posti l'obiettivo di confrontare diverse strategie per la selezione della PEEP durante la PSV e di valutarne la concordanza. Materiali e metodi: Durante una prova incrementale di PEEP in pazienti in ventilazione con pressure support, monitorati mediante catetere esofageo e tomografia a impedenza elettrica (EIT), sono stati applicati livelli di PEEP selezionati secondo tre criteri: la PEEP che offriva il miglior compromesso tra sovradistensione e collasso valutati con EIT; la PEEP associata al valore meno negativo di variazione dell’impedenza polmonare di fine espirazione basata su EIT, ΔEELI; e la PEEP associata alla minore quantità di pixel non corrispondenti valutati con EIT. Sono stati confrontati i livelli di PEEP e le corrispondenti variabili fisiologiche. L’accordo tra i metodi di selezione della PEEP è stato valutato mediante il coefficiente di correlazione intraclasse (ICC), basato su un modello bidirezionale di accordo assoluto. L’accordo a coppie tra i metodi è stato ulteriormente valutato mediante analisi di Bland–Altman. Risultati: Sono stati studiati quindici pazienti, con età mediana di 72 anni, di cui 10 uomini. I livelli di PEEP selezionati non differivano significativamente tra le quattro strategie di selezione della PEEP, secondo il test di Friedman, p = 0,044. L’ICC a misura singola per l’accordo assoluto era -0,17 (IC 95%: -0,33; 0,14), mentre l’ICC a misura media era -0,79 (IC 95%: -2,92; 0,32). L’analisi di Bland–Altman ha mostrato piccoli bias medi tra i metodi, ma limiti di accordo relativamente ampi. Quando sono state confrontate le variabili fisiologiche misurate al livello di PEEP selezionato da ciascun criterio, non sono state osservate differenze significative. La variazione della concentrazione sierica di sodio da prima a dopo il protocollo è stata di 1,1 [-0,2; 2,1] mEq/L. Conclusioni: I tre criteri di selezione della PEEP non hanno prodotto livelli di PEEP selezionati significativamente diversi. Tuttavia, questi metodi non dovrebbero essere considerati pienamente intercambiabili a livello del singolo paziente. Questi risultati devono essere interpretati con cautela, considerando la ridotta dimensione del campione e il numero limitato di casi completi disponibili per alcune analisi.
Personalizzazione della pressione positiva di fine espirazione mediante tomografia ad impedenza elettrica e monitoraggio della pressione transpolmonare durante la ventilazione a pressione di supporto in pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria ipossiemica acuta
VILLANO, BENEDETTA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is employed to prevent end-expiratory alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation. The best strategy to select PEEP during pressure support ventilation (PSV) in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) has not been extensively studied: PEEP is frequently selected empirically. A recently proposed strategy to set PEEP combines electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and transpulmonary pressure monitoring to balance alveolar collapse and overdistension (1). Another approach may identify the optimal PEEP during PSV based on the ability to maintain stable end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI), reflecting sustained alveolar recruitment, similarly to what happens in controlled ventilation (2). An alternative strategy may aim to optimize ventilation/perfusion matching. With this study we aimed to compare different strategies for PEEP selection during PSV and evaluate their agreement. Materials and Methods: PEEP levels selected according to the following three criteria were applied during an incremental PEEP trial in patients on pressure support ventilation monitored with esophageal catheter and electrical impedance tomography (EIT): the PEEP offering the best compromise between EIT-based overdistension and collapse, the PEEP associated with the least negative EIT-based delta end-expiratory lung impedance (ΔEELI), and the PEEP associated with the least amount of EIT-based unmatched pixels. PEEP levels, as well as the corresponding physiologic variables, were compared. Agreement among PEEP-selection methods was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) based on a two-way absolute-agreement model. Pairwise agreement between methods was further evaluated using Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Fifteen patients (median age 72 years old, 10 men) were studied. The selected PEEP levels did not differ significantly among the four PEEP-selection strategies (Friedman test, p = 0,044). The single-measure ICC for absolute agreement was -0,17 (IC95%: -0.33; 0,14), whereas the average-measure ICC was-0,79 (IC95%: -2.92; 0.32). Bland–Altman analysis showed small mean biases between methods, but relatively wide limits of agreement. When physiologic variables measured at the PEEP selected by each criterion were compared, no significant differences were observed. The change in serum sodium concentration from before to after the protocol was 1.1 [-0.2 to 2.1] mEq/L. Conclusions: The three PEEP-selection criteria did not yield significantly different selected PEEP levels. However, these methods should not be considered fully interchangeable at the individual-patient level. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and the limited number of complete cases available for some analyses.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109898