Background. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major pregnancy complication linked to adverse perinatal and long-term outcomes. Placental function is the node through which maternal nutrition conditions fetal growth, making maternal nutritional status and gut microbiota modifiable but poorly characterised candidate factors. Objective. To assess whether FGR is associated with a distinct maternal nutritional profile (primary aim) and gut microbiota composition (secondary, exploratory aim) compared with adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies. Methods. Prospective observational case-control study within the multicentre PRIN cohort (F.E.N.D.I. project, Padua and Naples, 2024–2025). Fifty-two pregnant women were stratified by Delphi criteria into controls (n=24), FGR with normal (n=8) and abnormal (n=17) velocimetry, and SGA (n=3, descriptive). At 34–35 weeks, gut microbiota (16S rRNA, ANCOM-BC2) and dietary intake (vs LARN 2024; MediQ-Sus) were assessed. Groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square/Fisher tests (Benjamini-Hochberg, q<0.05). Results. Groups were comparable for maternal characteristics, BMI and gestational weight gain. The whole cohort showed diffuse nutritional vulnerability (17.3% underweight, 43.1% insufficient weight gain, 82.4% low Mediterranean adherence), with no between-group differences. The only differential dietary signal was lower adequate vegetable intake in cases with abnormal velocimetry versus controls (58.8% vs 95.8%; q=0.013). Cases showed the expected phenotype (reduced biometry and birth weight, higher arterial resistance) without acute neonatal compromise. Differential abundance analysis revealed depletion in cases of three fibre-degrading, SCFA-producing taxa (Prevotellaceae NK3B31, Incertae Sedis 6, an uncultured Spirochaete). Conclusions. Maternal nutritional status did not discriminate FGR, revealing a vulnerability shared across the whole cohort. The gut microbiota instead showed a distinctive signature — coordinated depletion of SCFA-producing taxa — suggesting maternal nutrition acts on fetal growth also through microbiota mediation, with vegetable intake as the junction between the two levels.
Introduzione. La restrizione di crescita fetale (FGR) è una delle principali complicanze della gravidanza, associata a esiti perinatali avversi e a lungo termine. La funzione placentare è il nodo attraverso cui la nutrizione materna condiziona la crescita fetale, rendendo lo stato nutrizionale materno e il microbiota intestinale fattori modificabili ma ancora poco caratterizzati nella FGR. Obiettivo. Verificare se la FGR si associ a un profilo nutrizionale materno distinto (obiettivo primario) e a una diversa composizione del microbiota intestinale (obiettivo secondario, esplorativo) rispetto a gravidanze con crescita adeguata (AGA). Materiali e metodi. Studio prospettico osservazionale caso-controllo nell'ambito della coorte multicentrica PRIN (progetto F.E.N.D.I., Padova e Napoli, 2024–2025). Sono state analizzate 52 gestanti, stratificate secondo i criteri Delphi in controlli (n=24), FGR con velocimetria normale (n=8) e alterata (n=17) e SGA (n=3, descrittivo). Tra la 34ª e la 35ª settimana sono stati valutati il microbiota intestinale (16S rRNA, ANCOM-BC2) e il profilo dietetico (rispetto ai LARN 2024; indice MediQ-Sus). I confronti tra gruppi sono stati eseguiti con test di Kruskal-Wallis e chi-quadrato/Fisher (correzione di Benjamini-Hochberg, q<0,05). Risultati. I gruppi erano sovrapponibili per caratteristiche materne, BMI e incremento ponderale gestazionale. L'intera coorte mostrava una diffusa vulnerabilità nutrizionale (17,3% sottopeso, 43,1% incremento insufficiente, 82,4% bassa aderenza mediterranea), senza differenze tra i gruppi. L'unico segnale dietetico distintivo è stato il minor consumo adeguato di verdura nei casi con velocimetria alterata rispetto ai controlli (58,8% vs 95,8%; q=0,013). I casi presentavano il fenotipo atteso (biometria e peso alla nascita ridotti, maggiori resistenze arteriose) senza sofferenza neonatale acuta. L'analisi di abbondanza differenziale ha evidenziato nei casi la deplezione di tre taxa fibro-degradanti produttori di SCFA (Prevotellaceae NK3B31, Incertae Sedis 6, uno Spirochete non coltivato). Conclusioni. Lo stato nutrizionale materno non ha discriminato la FGR, rivelando una vulnerabilità trasversale all'intera coorte. Il microbiota ha invece mostrato una firma distintiva — la deplezione coordinata di taxa produttori di SCFA — suggerendo che la nutrizione materna agisca sulla crescita fetale anche attraverso la mediazione del microbiota, con il consumo di verdura come elemento di raccordo tra i due livelli.
Impatto dello stato nutrizionale materno sul rischio di restrizione della crescita intrauterina
CELATO, MIRIAM
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major pregnancy complication linked to adverse perinatal and long-term outcomes. Placental function is the node through which maternal nutrition conditions fetal growth, making maternal nutritional status and gut microbiota modifiable but poorly characterised candidate factors. Objective. To assess whether FGR is associated with a distinct maternal nutritional profile (primary aim) and gut microbiota composition (secondary, exploratory aim) compared with adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies. Methods. Prospective observational case-control study within the multicentre PRIN cohort (F.E.N.D.I. project, Padua and Naples, 2024–2025). Fifty-two pregnant women were stratified by Delphi criteria into controls (n=24), FGR with normal (n=8) and abnormal (n=17) velocimetry, and SGA (n=3, descriptive). At 34–35 weeks, gut microbiota (16S rRNA, ANCOM-BC2) and dietary intake (vs LARN 2024; MediQ-Sus) were assessed. Groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square/Fisher tests (Benjamini-Hochberg, q<0.05). Results. Groups were comparable for maternal characteristics, BMI and gestational weight gain. The whole cohort showed diffuse nutritional vulnerability (17.3% underweight, 43.1% insufficient weight gain, 82.4% low Mediterranean adherence), with no between-group differences. The only differential dietary signal was lower adequate vegetable intake in cases with abnormal velocimetry versus controls (58.8% vs 95.8%; q=0.013). Cases showed the expected phenotype (reduced biometry and birth weight, higher arterial resistance) without acute neonatal compromise. Differential abundance analysis revealed depletion in cases of three fibre-degrading, SCFA-producing taxa (Prevotellaceae NK3B31, Incertae Sedis 6, an uncultured Spirochaete). Conclusions. Maternal nutritional status did not discriminate FGR, revealing a vulnerability shared across the whole cohort. The gut microbiota instead showed a distinctive signature — coordinated depletion of SCFA-producing taxa — suggesting maternal nutrition acts on fetal growth also through microbiota mediation, with vegetable intake as the junction between the two levels.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109907