Feeding and eating disorders (EDs) are multifactorial conditions in which early relational trauma, family dysfunction and insecure attachment styles converge to produce a stable psychopathological vulnerability. Recent literature identifies early maladaptive schemas as the integrative link through which adverse childhood experiences become associated with emotion dysregulation, yet the evidence derives mainly from cross-sectional designs and heterogeneous samples. Among schema domains, Disconnection and Rejection — encompassing beliefs of abandonment, mistrust, emotional deprivation and defectiveness — is of particular interest, as it translates the adverse experience into the internalised relational meaning of being unable to be accepted or safe. Aim of the study: This work examined, in an Italian clinical sample, whether early maladaptive schemas — and specifically the Disconnection and Rejection domain — mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and emotion dysregulation, while also situating the patient's profile within her own family context through a triadic design. Materials and methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional observational design, with a sample of 51 family triads (patient, mother and father) recruited at the provincial referral centre for eating disorders in Vicenza. Patients were diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (52.9%), Bulimia Nervosa (37.3%) and Binge Eating Disorder (9.8%). All participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-S3 (YSQ-S3), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Analyses included non-parametric tests for comparisons among triad members, correlations and a parallel mediation model across the four schema domains (PROCESS, model 4). Results: Patients reported significantly higher scores than both parents across nearly all dimensions, with a notable proximity between mothers and daughters on emotional trauma. Childhood trauma was positively associated with both emotion dysregulation and Disconnection and Rejection. The mediation analysis showed that the association between trauma and dysregulation was entirely conveyed by the Disconnection and Rejection schema, the only one of the four domains to contribute significantly; the other three, although elevated, did not. Conclusions: The findings suggest that it is not the traumatic event in itself, but the internalised relational meaning, that relates to the difficulty in emotion regulation, pointing to Disconnection and Rejection as a potential privileged therapeutic target. This supports the systematic assessment of early schemas in EDs, the integration of standard treatments (CBT-E, FBT) with schema-focused work attentive to relational safety, and the involvement of family members as active parts of the patient's emotion-regulation system. As a cross-sectional study on a moderately sized sample, the results should be read with caution and do not allow causal inferences; they nonetheless offer a useful contribution to guide future research, ideally longitudinal and on larger samples.
I disturbi della nutrizione e dell'alimentazione (DCA) sono patologie multifattoriali in cui il trauma relazionale precoce, le disfunzioni del nucleo familiare e gli stili di attaccamento insicuro convergono nel determinare una vulnerabilità psicopatologica stabile. La letteratura recente individua negli schemi maladattivi precoci lo snodo integrativo attraverso cui le esperienze infantili avverse si associano alla disregolazione emotiva, ma le evidenze derivano prevalentemente da disegni trasversali e da campioni eterogenei. Tra i domini schematici, la Disconnessione e il Rifiuto — che raccolgono le convinzioni di abbandono, sfiducia, deprivazione emotiva e difettosità — appaiono di particolare interesse, poiché traducono l'esperienza avversa nel significato relazionale internalizzato del non poter essere accolti né al sicuro. Scopo dello studio: Questo lavoro ha esaminato, in un campione clinico italiano, se gli schemi maladattivi precoci — e in particolare il dominio di Disconnessione e Rifiuto — medino la relazione tra trauma infantile e disregolazione emotiva, collocando inoltre il profilo della paziente entro il proprio contesto familiare attraverso un disegno a triade. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio ha adottato un disegno osservazionale trasversale, con un campione di 51 triadi familiari (paziente, madre e padre) reclutate presso il Centro di riferimento provinciale per i disturbi del comportamento alimentare di Vicenza. Le pazienti presentavano diagnosi di Anoressia Nervosa (52,9%), Bulimia Nervosa (37,3%) e Disturbo da Alimentazione Incontrollata (9,8%). A tutti i partecipanti sono stati somministrati lo Young Schema Questionnaire-S3 (YSQ-S3), la Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) e il Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Le analisi hanno compreso test non parametrici per il confronto tra i membri della triade, correlazioni e un modello di mediazione in parallelo sui quattro domini schematici (PROCESS, modello 4). Risultati: Le pazienti hanno riportato punteggi significativamente più elevati di entrambi i genitori nella quasi totalità delle dimensioni, con una particolare prossimità tra madri e figlie sul versante del trauma emotivo. Il trauma infantile è risultato positivamente associato sia alla disregolazione emotiva sia alla Disconnessione e Rifiuto. L'analisi di mediazione ha evidenziato che l'associazione tra trauma e disregolazione è interamente veicolata dallo schema di Disconnessione e Rifiuto, unico dei quattro domini a contribuirvi in modo significativo; gli altri tre, pur risultando elevati, non vi contribuiscono. Conclusioni: I risultati suggeriscono che non sia l'evento traumatico in sé, ma il significato relazionale internalizzato a connettersi alla difficoltà di regolazione emotiva, e indicano nella Disconnessione e Rifiuto un possibile bersaglio terapeutico privilegiato. Ne deriva l'opportunità di valutare sistematicamente gli schemi precoci nei DCA, di integrare i trattamenti standard (CBT-E, FBT) con un lavoro schema-focused attento alla sicurezza relazionale, e di coinvolgere le figure familiari come parte attiva del sistema di regolazione emotiva. Trattandosi di uno studio trasversale su un campione di dimensioni contenute, i risultati vanno letti con cautela e non consentono inferenze causali; resta un contributo utile a orientare ricerche future, auspicabilmente longitudinali e su campioni più ampi.
Eventi avversi e schemi maladattivi precoci nei disturbi dell'alimentazione: uno studio esplorativo su pazienti e genitori
BENEDETTI, MARIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Feeding and eating disorders (EDs) are multifactorial conditions in which early relational trauma, family dysfunction and insecure attachment styles converge to produce a stable psychopathological vulnerability. Recent literature identifies early maladaptive schemas as the integrative link through which adverse childhood experiences become associated with emotion dysregulation, yet the evidence derives mainly from cross-sectional designs and heterogeneous samples. Among schema domains, Disconnection and Rejection — encompassing beliefs of abandonment, mistrust, emotional deprivation and defectiveness — is of particular interest, as it translates the adverse experience into the internalised relational meaning of being unable to be accepted or safe. Aim of the study: This work examined, in an Italian clinical sample, whether early maladaptive schemas — and specifically the Disconnection and Rejection domain — mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and emotion dysregulation, while also situating the patient's profile within her own family context through a triadic design. Materials and methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional observational design, with a sample of 51 family triads (patient, mother and father) recruited at the provincial referral centre for eating disorders in Vicenza. Patients were diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (52.9%), Bulimia Nervosa (37.3%) and Binge Eating Disorder (9.8%). All participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-S3 (YSQ-S3), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Analyses included non-parametric tests for comparisons among triad members, correlations and a parallel mediation model across the four schema domains (PROCESS, model 4). Results: Patients reported significantly higher scores than both parents across nearly all dimensions, with a notable proximity between mothers and daughters on emotional trauma. Childhood trauma was positively associated with both emotion dysregulation and Disconnection and Rejection. The mediation analysis showed that the association between trauma and dysregulation was entirely conveyed by the Disconnection and Rejection schema, the only one of the four domains to contribute significantly; the other three, although elevated, did not. Conclusions: The findings suggest that it is not the traumatic event in itself, but the internalised relational meaning, that relates to the difficulty in emotion regulation, pointing to Disconnection and Rejection as a potential privileged therapeutic target. This supports the systematic assessment of early schemas in EDs, the integration of standard treatments (CBT-E, FBT) with schema-focused work attentive to relational safety, and the involvement of family members as active parts of the patient's emotion-regulation system. As a cross-sectional study on a moderately sized sample, the results should be read with caution and do not allow causal inferences; they nonetheless offer a useful contribution to guide future research, ideally longitudinal and on larger samples.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109911