Gender incongruence is a condition where biological, psychological and social factors interact — and their combined effect on individual wellbeing is still not fully clear. Among the various clinical pathways available, hormone therapy is one of the most commonly used interventions, with documented effects on both the body and psychological state. Less understood, however, is whether the endocrine profile itself — independently from the broader experience of transition — relates to specific behavioral traits. Impulsivity seemed worth investigating in this regard, given that it encompasses several distinct dimensions: how people react to negative or positive emotional states, their capacity to plan ahead, their persistence on tasks, and their appetite for novel experiences. Aim: We set out to explore whether gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and selected hormonal parameters were associated with impulsivity traits in transgender and gender diverse individuals, measured through the short Italian version of the UPPS-P scale (S-UPPS-P, 20 items). Methods: Seventy-one transgender or gender diverse individuals were included, all assessed as part of a clinical pathway for gender incongruence. Mean age was 23.58 years. Thirty-one were already on GAHT at the time of evaluation; forty were not. Impulsivity was assessed across five dimensions: Negative Urgency, Positive Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Lack of Perseverance, Sensation Seeking. We also collected Gender Preoccupation and Stability Questionnaire scores and hormonal data including FSH, LH, estradiol, prolactin, total testosterone, SHBG and vitamin D. Group comparisons, Pearson correlations and exploratory linear regressions were run. Results: Impulsivity scores did not differ significantly between those on GAHT and those not on treatment. This was true regardless of sex assigned at birth or self-identified gender. A direct, broad link between hormone therapy and impulsive traits was not found. Hormonal variables did show some selective associations, though. As a block, they contributed significantly to the variance of Lack of Perseverance and Sensation Seeking. For Positive Urgency, age and SHBG were both negative predictors. Lack of Premeditation yielded no significant model. Negative Urgency was mainly predicted by age. Conclusions: Hormone therapy status — as a yes/no variable — does not straightforwardly predict impulsivity. The construct is too complex for that kind of explanation. Some specific hormonal parameters do show associations with certain impulsivity dimensions, and these findings seem worth pursuing in future studies. Given the cross-sectional design and the sample size, nothing definitive can be concluded here. Longitudinal studies with larger and more homogeneous samples would be needed to clarify whether endocrine variables meaningfully shape behavioral regulation in transgender and gender diverse individuals.
L'incongruenza di genere è una condizione in cui fattori biologici, psicologici e sociali si intrecciano in modo spesso difficile da districare. La terapia ormonale di affermazione di genere (GAHT) costituisce una tappa fondamentale di molti percorsi clinici, con effetti rilevanti sia sul corpo che sulla sfera psicologica. Nonostante questo, poco si sa ancora su come l'assetto endocrinologico — prima e dopo il trattamento — possa influenzare specifiche dimensioni del comportamento emotivo. Tra queste, l'impulsività merita attenzione particolare: non si tratta di un costrutto unitario, ma di un insieme di componenti distinte che riguardano la regolazione emotiva, la capacità di pianificazione, la perseveranza e la tendenza alla ricerca di nuove esperienze. Scopo dello studio: Questo lavoro ha esplorato la possibile associazione tra terapia ormonale di affermazione di genere, parametri endocrinologici e tratti di impulsività in persone transgender e gender diverse, utilizzando la versione italiana breve a 20 item della UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (S-UPPS-P). Materiali e metodi: Lo studio ha adottato un disegno osservazionale trasversale, con un campione di 71 persone transgender o gender diverse, di età media 23,58 anni, valutate nell'ambito di un percorso clinico per incongruenza di genere. Di queste, 31 erano già in terapia ormonale al momento della valutazione, mentre 40 non avevano ancora iniziato il trattamento. L'impulsività è stata misurata attraverso le cinque sottodimensioni della S-UPPS-P: Negative Urgency, Positive Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Lack of Perseverance e Sensation Seeking. Accanto a questo, sono stati raccolti i punteggi del Gender Preoccupation and Stability Questionnaire e i principali parametri ormonali disponibili: FSH, LH, estradiolo, prolattina, testosterone totale, SHBG e vitamina D. Le analisi hanno compreso confronti tra gruppi, correlazioni bivariate e regressioni lineari esplorative. Risultati: Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa è emersa nelle dimensioni dell'impulsività tra chi era in terapia ormonale e chi non lo era. Lo stesso vale per i confronti effettuati in base al sesso assegnato alla nascita e al genere autodeterminato. L'ipotesi di una relazione diretta tra GAHT e tratti impulsivi non trova quindi conferma nei dati. Le analisi esplorative hanno però mostrato alcune associazioni più specifiche; il blocco delle variabili ormonali spiegava una quota significativa della varianza di Lack of Perseverance e Sensation Seeking. Per la Positive Urgency, il modello finale risultava significativo, con SHBG ed età come predittori negativi. Nessun modello significativo è invece emerso per Lack of Premeditation, mentre la Negative Urgency risultava legata principalmente all'età. Conclusioni: La GAHT, considerata come semplice variabile presente/assente, non sembra associarsi a differenze rilevanti nei tratti impulsivi. L'impulsività appare quindi un costrutto troppo articolato per essere spiegato dalla sola presenza o assenza di un trattamento ormonale. Alcune variabili endocrinologiche specifiche mostrano però associazioni che vale la pena approfondire, in particolare quelle legate a Lack of Perseverance, Sensation Seeking e Positive Urgency. Trattandosi di uno studio esplorativo e trasversale, condotto su un campione di dimensioni moderate, i risultati vanno letti con la necessaria cautela. Resta comunque un contributo utile per orientare ricerche future, auspicabilmente longitudinali e su campioni più ampi, capaci di chiarire meglio il ruolo dei fattori endocrinologici nel funzionamento psicologico delle persone transgender e gender diverse.
Impulsività e ormoni sessuali: uno studio esplorativo nell’incongruenza di genere
PENNINO, MASSIMILIANO
2025/2026
Abstract
Gender incongruence is a condition where biological, psychological and social factors interact — and their combined effect on individual wellbeing is still not fully clear. Among the various clinical pathways available, hormone therapy is one of the most commonly used interventions, with documented effects on both the body and psychological state. Less understood, however, is whether the endocrine profile itself — independently from the broader experience of transition — relates to specific behavioral traits. Impulsivity seemed worth investigating in this regard, given that it encompasses several distinct dimensions: how people react to negative or positive emotional states, their capacity to plan ahead, their persistence on tasks, and their appetite for novel experiences. Aim: We set out to explore whether gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and selected hormonal parameters were associated with impulsivity traits in transgender and gender diverse individuals, measured through the short Italian version of the UPPS-P scale (S-UPPS-P, 20 items). Methods: Seventy-one transgender or gender diverse individuals were included, all assessed as part of a clinical pathway for gender incongruence. Mean age was 23.58 years. Thirty-one were already on GAHT at the time of evaluation; forty were not. Impulsivity was assessed across five dimensions: Negative Urgency, Positive Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Lack of Perseverance, Sensation Seeking. We also collected Gender Preoccupation and Stability Questionnaire scores and hormonal data including FSH, LH, estradiol, prolactin, total testosterone, SHBG and vitamin D. Group comparisons, Pearson correlations and exploratory linear regressions were run. Results: Impulsivity scores did not differ significantly between those on GAHT and those not on treatment. This was true regardless of sex assigned at birth or self-identified gender. A direct, broad link between hormone therapy and impulsive traits was not found. Hormonal variables did show some selective associations, though. As a block, they contributed significantly to the variance of Lack of Perseverance and Sensation Seeking. For Positive Urgency, age and SHBG were both negative predictors. Lack of Premeditation yielded no significant model. Negative Urgency was mainly predicted by age. Conclusions: Hormone therapy status — as a yes/no variable — does not straightforwardly predict impulsivity. The construct is too complex for that kind of explanation. Some specific hormonal parameters do show associations with certain impulsivity dimensions, and these findings seem worth pursuing in future studies. Given the cross-sectional design and the sample size, nothing definitive can be concluded here. Longitudinal studies with larger and more homogeneous samples would be needed to clarify whether endocrine variables meaningfully shape behavioral regulation in transgender and gender diverse individuals.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109914