INTRODUCTION. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a disease characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrous or fibro-fatty replacement, with an estimated prevalence between 1:1000 and 1:5000, likely underestimated. Sudden cardiac death may represent its first manifestation. In young patients, ventricular arrhythmias predominate, whereas in advanced stages fibrosis may lead to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Phenotypically, ACM may involve the right ventricle (ARVC), the left ventricle (ALVC), or both (ABVC). Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common condition (2–3%), generally benign, but in some cases associated with ventricular arrhythmias and a rare risk of sudden cardiac death. AIMS OF THE STUDY. ALVC and MVP may share the presence of myocardial fibrosis detectable by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). In ALVC, fibrosis represents a characteristic finding, whereas in patients with MVP it involves the basal inferolateral region and/or the papillary muscles. Both conditions are also associated with an increased arrhythmic risk. This study aims to compare fibrotic substrates detected by CMR, clinical characteristics, and electrocardiographic features in order to further characterize them and improve risk stratification. METHODS. 34 patients with ALVC and fibrosis of the posterior wall and 128 patients with MVP were included, evaluated at the Cardiology Clinic of the University Hospital of Padua between 2011 and 2026. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced CMR and clinical evaluation including ECG, echocardiography and, when available, 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring and exercise stress testing. RESULTS. Patients with ALVC were younger (41 vs 49 years), more frequently male (59% vs 37%), and showed a higher prevalence of family history of sudden cardiac death (41% vs 15%). Primary prevention ICD implantation was more frequent in ALVC (24% vs 1.2%). Ventricular arrhythmias were instead more common in MVP (73% vs 6.3%). On CMR, ALVC showed predominantly subepicardial LGE (91%) with possible mid-wall extension and rare subendocardial involvement. In MVP, fibrosis varied according to the presence of basal inferolateral and/or papillary LGE involvement. On ECG, fragmented QRS and low peripheral voltages were strongly associated with ALVC and were almost absent in MVP. CONCLUSIONS. LVC and MVP with a fibrotic phenotype show distinct clinical and instrumental profiles. Fragmented QRS and low peripheral voltages are highly discriminating electrocardiographic markers for ALVC. On CMR, ALVC shows a more extensive LGE pattern in the inferolateral wall, whereas in MVP fibrosis is generally limited to the basal posterior region and/or papillary muscles. The integration of ECG and CMR findings allows better differentiation between the two conditions and more accurate arrhythmic risk stratification.
INTRODUZIONE. La cardiomiopatia aritmogena (ACM) è una patologia caratterizzata da progressiva perdita di cardiomiociti con sostituzione fibrosa o fibro-adiposa, con prevalenza stimata tra 1:1000 e 1:5000, probabilmente sottostimata. La morte cardiaca improvvisa può rappresentarne la prima manifestazione. Nei giovani prevalgono aritmie ventricolari, mentre nelle fasi avanzate la fibrosi può determinare disfunzione ventricolare e scompenso cardiaco. Fenotipicamente può interessare il ventricolo destro (ARVC), sinistro (ALVC) o entrambi (ABVC). Il prolasso della valvola mitrale (PVM) è una condizione frequente (2–3%), generalmente benigna, ma in alcuni casi associata ad aritmie ventricolari e raro rischio di morte cardiaca improvvisa. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO. ALVC e PVM possono condividere la presenza di fibrosi miocardica rilevabile alla risonanza magnetica cardiaca (RMC). Nell’ALVC la fibrosi è un reperto caratteristico, mentre nei pazienti con PVM interessa la porzione basale infero-laterale e/o dei muscoli papillari. Entrambe le condizioni presentano, inoltre, un aumentato rischio aritmico. Lo studio mira a confrontare i substrati fibrotici alla RMC, le caratteristiche cliniche ed elettrocardiografiche al fine di caratterizzarli ulteriormente e per migliorare la stratificazione del rischio. MATERIALI E METODI. Sono stati inclusi 34 pazienti con ALVC e fibrosi della parete posteriore e 128 pazienti con PVM, valutati presso la Clinica Cardiologica dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova tra il 2011 e il 2026. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a RMC con mezzo di contrasto e valutazione clinica comprensiva di ECG, ecocardiogramma e, quando disponibili, Holter ECG 24h e test da sforzo. RISULTATI. I pazienti con ALVC erano più giovani (41 vs 49 anni), più frequentemente maschi (59% vs 37%) e con maggiore familiarità per morte cardiaca improvvisa (41% vs 15%). L’impianto di ICD in prevenzione primaria era più frequente nell’ALVC (24% vs 1.2%). Le aritmie ventricolari erano invece più comuni nel PVM (73% vs 6.3%). Alla RMC, l’ALVC mostrava LGE prevalentemente subepicardico (91%) con possibile estensione mid-wall e coinvolgimento subendocardico raro. Nel PVM la fibrosi era variabile a seconda del coinvolgimento di LGE basale infero-laterale e/o papillare. All’ECG, QRS frammentato e bassi voltaggi periferici erano fortemente associati ad ALVC e quasi assenti nel PVM. CONCLUSIONI. ALVC e PVM con fenotipo fibrotico presentano profili clinici e strumentali distinti. QRS frammentato e bassi voltaggi periferici sono marcatori elettrocardiografici altamente discriminanti per ALVC. Alla RMC, l’ALVC mostra un pattern di LGE più esteso nella parete inferolaterale, mentre nel PVM la fibrosi è generalmente limitata alla regione basale posteriore e/o ai muscoli papillari. L’integrazione di ECG e RMC consente una migliore distinzione tra le due condizioni e una più accurata stratificazione del rischio aritmico.
Fibrosi infero-laterale del ventricolo sinistro: studio comparativo tra prolasso della valvola mitrale e cardiomiopatia aritmogena a dominanza sinistra
EZEOBI, MARYROSE GINIKACHUKWU
2025/2026
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a disease characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrous or fibro-fatty replacement, with an estimated prevalence between 1:1000 and 1:5000, likely underestimated. Sudden cardiac death may represent its first manifestation. In young patients, ventricular arrhythmias predominate, whereas in advanced stages fibrosis may lead to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Phenotypically, ACM may involve the right ventricle (ARVC), the left ventricle (ALVC), or both (ABVC). Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common condition (2–3%), generally benign, but in some cases associated with ventricular arrhythmias and a rare risk of sudden cardiac death. AIMS OF THE STUDY. ALVC and MVP may share the presence of myocardial fibrosis detectable by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). In ALVC, fibrosis represents a characteristic finding, whereas in patients with MVP it involves the basal inferolateral region and/or the papillary muscles. Both conditions are also associated with an increased arrhythmic risk. This study aims to compare fibrotic substrates detected by CMR, clinical characteristics, and electrocardiographic features in order to further characterize them and improve risk stratification. METHODS. 34 patients with ALVC and fibrosis of the posterior wall and 128 patients with MVP were included, evaluated at the Cardiology Clinic of the University Hospital of Padua between 2011 and 2026. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced CMR and clinical evaluation including ECG, echocardiography and, when available, 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring and exercise stress testing. RESULTS. Patients with ALVC were younger (41 vs 49 years), more frequently male (59% vs 37%), and showed a higher prevalence of family history of sudden cardiac death (41% vs 15%). Primary prevention ICD implantation was more frequent in ALVC (24% vs 1.2%). Ventricular arrhythmias were instead more common in MVP (73% vs 6.3%). On CMR, ALVC showed predominantly subepicardial LGE (91%) with possible mid-wall extension and rare subendocardial involvement. In MVP, fibrosis varied according to the presence of basal inferolateral and/or papillary LGE involvement. On ECG, fragmented QRS and low peripheral voltages were strongly associated with ALVC and were almost absent in MVP. CONCLUSIONS. LVC and MVP with a fibrotic phenotype show distinct clinical and instrumental profiles. Fragmented QRS and low peripheral voltages are highly discriminating electrocardiographic markers for ALVC. On CMR, ALVC shows a more extensive LGE pattern in the inferolateral wall, whereas in MVP fibrosis is generally limited to the basal posterior region and/or papillary muscles. The integration of ECG and CMR findings allows better differentiation between the two conditions and more accurate arrhythmic risk stratification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109918