Introduction. Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, staging, treatment response assessment and prognostic stratification of Multiple Myeloma (MM). The [18F]-FDG PET and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) are currently considered the standard method for evaluating response. To standardize definitions of metabolic response, the IMPeTUs criteria have been proposed, based on the Deauville Score (DS) and the anatomical distribution of pathological FDG uptake. Similarly, acquisition and interpretation of DWI-MRI images have been standardized through the MY-RADS guidelines, which define five Response Assessment Categories (RACs). Hybrid PET/MRI enables the simultaneous acquisition of metabolic, morphological, and functional information and may improve prognostic stratification in patients with MM. Objectives. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the prognostic value of PET and DWI-MRI acquired using hybrid PET/MRI at baseline staging and after induction therapy in order to predict the risk of relapse in patients with newly diagnosed transplant-eligible multiple myeloma (NDTEMM). Materials and Methods. Twenty patients with MM treated at the Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit of Padua University Hospital between 2015 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent PET/MRI at baseline staging and after induction therapy. Metabolic response was assessed using the Deauville Score (DS), whereas DWI-MRI response was evaluated using the Response Assessment Category (RAC) score. The primary endpoint of the study was disease-free survival (DFS). Results. After a median follow-up of 82.5 months, 12 patients (60%) experienced disease relapse. Dual PET/MRI negativity (DS 1–3 and RAC 1) after induction therapy was associated with the most favorable outcome, with median DFS not reached during follow-up. Conversely, persistence of positivity in at least one imaging modality (DS >3 or RAC >1) was associated with a median DFS of 43 months and an approximately fivefold higher risk of relapse. DWI-MRI showed a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 75% for predicting relapse, whereas PET demonstrated a sensitivity of 16.7% and a specificity of 100%. Among patients who subsequently relapsed, 66.7% had positive MRI findings despite negative PET results after induction therapy. Concordance analysis revealed poor agreement between PET and MRI, suggesting that the two imaging modalities provide complementary prognostic information. Furthermore, RAC scores tended to be higher in patients with early relapse than in those who remained relapse-free. Conclusions. Hybrid PET/MRI represents a promising tool for treatment response assessment and prognostic stratification in MM. The combination of metabolic and functional imaging demonstrated greater prognostic value than either modality alone, identifying a subgroup of patients with particularly favorable outcomes when both examinations were negative. The complementary nature of PET and DWI-MRI supports the use of the integrated DS-RAC approach for treatment response assessment. Larger multicenter studies involving broader patient populations, integrated with bone marrow minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment and conducted in the era of modern anti-CD38-based quadruplet regimens, are warranted to confirm these findings and further define the role of PET/MRI in clinical practice.
Introduzione. Il ruolo dell’imaging nel Mieloma Multiplo (MM) è centrale per la diagnosi, la stadiazione, la valutazione della risposta terapeutica e la stratificazione prognostica. Attualmente, la PET con [18F]-FDG e la RM con sequenze di diffusione (DWI-RM) rappresentano le metodiche di riferimento per la valutazione della riposta al trattamento. Al fine di standardizzare la valutazione della risposta metabolica, sono stati introdotti i criteri IMPeTUS, basati sul Deauville Score (DS) e sulla distribuzione anatomica della captazione patologica di FDG. Parallelamente, l’acquisizione e l’interpretazione delle immagini DWI-RM sono state standardizzate mediante le linee guida MY-RADS, che definiscono cinque categorie di risposta (Response Assessment Categories, RACs). La metodica ibrida PET/RM consente di acquisire simultaneamente informazioni metaboliche, morfologiche e funzionali e potrebbe migliorare la stratificazione prognostica dei pazienti con MM. Obiettivi. L’obiettivo di questo studio è valutare retrospettivamente il ruolo prognostico della PET e della DWI-RM acquisite mediante tecnica ibrida PET/RM alla stadiazione e dopo induzione, al fine di predire il rischio di recidiva nei pazienti con MM di nuova diagnosi eleggibili a trapianto (NDTEMM). Materiali e metodi. Sono stati analizzati 20 pazienti affetti da MM trattati presso l'UOC di Ematologia e Immunologia Clinica dell'Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova tra il 2015 e il 2023. Tutti hanno eseguito PET/RM alla stadiazione e dopo induzione. La risposta è stata valutata mediante DS per la PET e RAC score per la DWI-RM. Endpoint primario dello studio è stata la Disease Free Survival (DFS). Risultati. Con un follow-up mediano di 82,5 mesi, 12 pazienti (60%) hanno sviluppato una recidiva di malattia. La doppia negatività PET/RM (DS 1-3 e RAC1) dopo induzione si è associata alla prognosi più favorevole, con DFS mediana non raggiunta. La persistenza di positività di almeno una delle due metodiche (DS >3 oppure RAC >1) è risultata correlata a una DFS mediana di 43 mesi e a un rischio di recidiva circa cinque volte superiore. La DWI-RM ha mostrata una sensibilità del 75% e una specificità del 75% nel predire la recidiva, mentre la PET ha evidenziato una sensibilità del 16,7% e una specificità del 100%. Tra i pazienti successivamente recidivati, il 66,7% presentava una RM positiva nonostante PET negativa. L’analisi della concordanza ha evidenziato uno scarso accordo tra PET e RM, suggerendo che le due metodiche forniscano informazioni prognostiche complementari. Inoltre, il RAC score ha mostrato una tendenza a valori più elevati nei pazienti con recidiva precoce rispetto ai pazienti senza recidiva. Conclusioni. La PET/RM rappresenta uno strumento promettente per la valutazione della risposta terapeutica e la stratificazione prognostica nel MM. L'associazione tra componente metabolica e funzionale ha dimostrato una capacità prognostica superiore rispetto alle singole metodiche, identificando un sottogruppo di pazienti con prognosi particolarmente favorevole in presenza di doppia negatività. La complementarità tra PET e DWI-RM supporta l'impiego dell'approccio integrato DS-RAC nella valutazione della risposta terapeutica. Saranno necessari studi multicentrici su popolazioni più ampie, integrati con le valutazioni della malattia minima residua midollare e condotti nell’era delle moderne quadruplette contenenti anticorpi anti-CD38, per confermare questi risultati e definire il ruolo della PET/RM nella pratica clinica.
Ruolo prognostico della FDG PET/RM integrata dopo terapia di induzione in pazienti con Mieloma Multiplo di nuova diagnosi eleggibili a trapianto autologo di cellule staminali
CAVALLI, CHIARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction. Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, staging, treatment response assessment and prognostic stratification of Multiple Myeloma (MM). The [18F]-FDG PET and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) are currently considered the standard method for evaluating response. To standardize definitions of metabolic response, the IMPeTUs criteria have been proposed, based on the Deauville Score (DS) and the anatomical distribution of pathological FDG uptake. Similarly, acquisition and interpretation of DWI-MRI images have been standardized through the MY-RADS guidelines, which define five Response Assessment Categories (RACs). Hybrid PET/MRI enables the simultaneous acquisition of metabolic, morphological, and functional information and may improve prognostic stratification in patients with MM. Objectives. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the prognostic value of PET and DWI-MRI acquired using hybrid PET/MRI at baseline staging and after induction therapy in order to predict the risk of relapse in patients with newly diagnosed transplant-eligible multiple myeloma (NDTEMM). Materials and Methods. Twenty patients with MM treated at the Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit of Padua University Hospital between 2015 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent PET/MRI at baseline staging and after induction therapy. Metabolic response was assessed using the Deauville Score (DS), whereas DWI-MRI response was evaluated using the Response Assessment Category (RAC) score. The primary endpoint of the study was disease-free survival (DFS). Results. After a median follow-up of 82.5 months, 12 patients (60%) experienced disease relapse. Dual PET/MRI negativity (DS 1–3 and RAC 1) after induction therapy was associated with the most favorable outcome, with median DFS not reached during follow-up. Conversely, persistence of positivity in at least one imaging modality (DS >3 or RAC >1) was associated with a median DFS of 43 months and an approximately fivefold higher risk of relapse. DWI-MRI showed a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 75% for predicting relapse, whereas PET demonstrated a sensitivity of 16.7% and a specificity of 100%. Among patients who subsequently relapsed, 66.7% had positive MRI findings despite negative PET results after induction therapy. Concordance analysis revealed poor agreement between PET and MRI, suggesting that the two imaging modalities provide complementary prognostic information. Furthermore, RAC scores tended to be higher in patients with early relapse than in those who remained relapse-free. Conclusions. Hybrid PET/MRI represents a promising tool for treatment response assessment and prognostic stratification in MM. The combination of metabolic and functional imaging demonstrated greater prognostic value than either modality alone, identifying a subgroup of patients with particularly favorable outcomes when both examinations were negative. The complementary nature of PET and DWI-MRI supports the use of the integrated DS-RAC approach for treatment response assessment. Larger multicenter studies involving broader patient populations, integrated with bone marrow minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment and conducted in the era of modern anti-CD38-based quadruplet regimens, are warranted to confirm these findings and further define the role of PET/MRI in clinical practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109923