Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 444 ALS patients who underwent genetic screening between January 2020 and November 2025. Genetic testing was performed using next-generation sequencing with a progressively expanding multigene panel (25 genes until 2024, expanded to 36 genes from 2025), supplemented by repeat-primed PCR for C9orf72. Variants were classified according to ACMG criteria into the following classes: P/LP (class 5 and 4), VUS (class 3), benign and likely benign (B/LB) (class 1 and 2) variants. VUS were further classified as “hot” or “cold” based on the ACMG score ≥ 3 or < 3, respectively. Clinical and demographic data were collected retrospectively from medical records for all P/LP carriers and hot VUS carriers (n=51). Results. A genetic variant was identified in 124 of 444 patients (27.9%). P/LP variants were detected in 40 patients (9.0%), with C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion representing the most frequent finding (n=19; 47.5% of all P/LP variants), followed by SOD1 (n=5), FUS (n=3), and TARDBP (n=2). An additional 11 patients carried P/LP variants in other ALS-associated genes. Variant of class 3 (VUS) were identified in 84 patients (18.9%), of whom 11 carried hot VUS selected for phenotypic characterization. Among the 51 patients in the clinical subcohort, the median age at onset was 63.5 years (range: 30–79) and spinal onset predominated (76.5%). A positive family history of ALS was documented in only 10 of 33 patients with available information (30.3%), confirming that a substantial proportion of genetically determined ALS presents as apparently sporadic disease. Genotype–phenotype analysis revealed a marked female predominance among C9orf72 carriers (63.2%), broad age at onset variability (35–78 years), and cognitive impairment in 3 of 10 assessed C9orf72 patients (30%). SOD1 carriers showed an exclusively spinal phenotype with favorable survival (all four patients with available data alive at last follow-up, with disease duration of 24–125 months). Phenotypic heterogeneity was prominent across all gene groups. Discussion. Extended genetic screening identified a genetic variant in nearly 30% of ALS patients, with a substantial proportion occurring in individuals without a documented family history. C9orf72 remained the most frequent pathogenic alteration with a broad phenotypic spectrum. SOD1 variants were associated with spinal-onset disease and variable disease duration, while FUS and TARDBP, though less frequent, retain major clinical relevance for early-onset and aggressive disease. Class 3 hot VUS represent candidate pathogenic alleles requiring functional validation and prospective follow-up before clinical interpretation. Overall, genotype alone does not fully determine phenotype, as illustrated by the wide variability in age at onset, site of onset, diagnostic delay, and survival observed within each genetic subgroup. Conclusion. These findings support the routine implementation of extended multigene panel testing in all ALS patients
Metodi. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo su 444 pazienti affetti da SLA sottoposti a screening genetico tra gennaio 2020 e novembre 2025. Il test genetico è stato eseguito mediante NGS con un pannello multigene progressivamente ampliato (25 geni fino al 2024, esteso a 36 geni dal 2025), integrato da repeat-primed PCR per C9orf72. Le varianti sono state classificate secondo i criteri ACMG nelle seguenti classi: varianti patogenetico e probabilmente patogenetiche P/LP (classe 4 e 5), VUS (classe 3), varianti benigne e probabilmente benigne (B/LB) (classe 2 e 1). Le VUS sono state ulteriormente classificate come "hot" (calde) o "cold" (fredde) in base a un punteggio ACMG rispettivamente ≥ 3 o < 3. I dati clinici e demografici sono stati raccolti retrospettivamente dalle cartelle cliniche per tutti i portatori di varianti P/LP e hot VUS (n=51). Risultati. Una variante genetica è stata identificata in 124 su 444 pazienti (27,9%). Varianti P/LP sono state rilevate in 40 pazienti (9,0%), con l'espansione del repeat esanucleotidico di C9orf72 come riscontro più frequente (n=19; 47,5% di tutte le varianti P/LP), seguita da SOD1 (n=5), FUS (n=3) e TARDBP (n=2). Ulteriori 11 pazienti presentavano varianti P/LP in altri geni associati alla SLA. VUS di classe 3 sono state identificate in 84 pazienti (18,9%), di cui 11 portatori di hot VUS selezionati per la caratterizzazione fenotipica. Tra i 51 pazienti della sottocoorte clinica, l'età mediana all'esordio era di 63,5 anni (range: 30–79) con prevalenza dell'esordio spinale (76,5%). Una storia familiare positiva per SLA è stata documentata solo in 10 su 33 pazienti con dato disponibile (30,3%), confermando che una quota sostanziale di SLA geneticamente determinata si presenta come forma apparentemente sporadica. L'analisi genotipo-fenotipo ha evidenziato una marcata predominanza femminile tra i portatori di C9orf72 (63,2%), ampia variabilità dell'età d'esordio (35–78 anni) e coinvolgimento cognitivo in 3 dei 10 pazienti C9orf72 valutati (30%). I portatori di SOD1 hanno mostrato un fenotipo esclusivamente spinale con sopravvivenza favorevole (tutti i quattro pazienti con dato disponibile in vita all'ultimo follow-up, con durata di malattia di 24–125 mesi). L'eterogeneità fenotipica è emersa in tutti i geni analizzati. Discussione. Lo screening genetico esteso ha identificato una variante genetica in quasi il 30% dei pazienti affetti da SLA, con una quota sostanziale in soggetti senza storia familiare documentata. C9orf72 si è confermato il riscontro patogenetico più frequente, rappresentando quasi la metà di tutte le varianti P/LP; il suo ampio spettro fenotipico, che comprende esordio spinale e bulbare, variabile età d'esordio e coinvolgimento cognitivo, rafforza la necessità di considerare questa espansione anche nelle forme apparentemente sporadiche. Le varianti SOD1 sono state associate a fenotipo spinale e decorso variabile, mentre FUS e TARDBP, seppur meno frequenti, mantengono rilevanza clinica per le forme a esordio giovanile e aggressivo. Le hot VUS rappresentano alleli candidati patogenetici che richiedono una validazione funzionale e follow-up prospettico prima di un'interpretazione clinica definitiva. Complessivamente, il genotipo da solo non determina pienamente il fenotipo, come dimostrato dalla marcata variabilità dell’età all'esordio, della sede d’esordio, del ritardo diagnostico e della sopravvivenza osservato all'interno di ciascun sottogruppo genetico. Conclusioni. Questi risultati supportano l'implementazione routinaria dello screening esteso tramite pannelli multigene per tutti i pazienti affetti da SLA.
Eterogeneità fenotipica nella SLA: implicazioni cliniche di uno screening genetico esteso
SCHIAVON, LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 444 ALS patients who underwent genetic screening between January 2020 and November 2025. Genetic testing was performed using next-generation sequencing with a progressively expanding multigene panel (25 genes until 2024, expanded to 36 genes from 2025), supplemented by repeat-primed PCR for C9orf72. Variants were classified according to ACMG criteria into the following classes: P/LP (class 5 and 4), VUS (class 3), benign and likely benign (B/LB) (class 1 and 2) variants. VUS were further classified as “hot” or “cold” based on the ACMG score ≥ 3 or < 3, respectively. Clinical and demographic data were collected retrospectively from medical records for all P/LP carriers and hot VUS carriers (n=51). Results. A genetic variant was identified in 124 of 444 patients (27.9%). P/LP variants were detected in 40 patients (9.0%), with C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion representing the most frequent finding (n=19; 47.5% of all P/LP variants), followed by SOD1 (n=5), FUS (n=3), and TARDBP (n=2). An additional 11 patients carried P/LP variants in other ALS-associated genes. Variant of class 3 (VUS) were identified in 84 patients (18.9%), of whom 11 carried hot VUS selected for phenotypic characterization. Among the 51 patients in the clinical subcohort, the median age at onset was 63.5 years (range: 30–79) and spinal onset predominated (76.5%). A positive family history of ALS was documented in only 10 of 33 patients with available information (30.3%), confirming that a substantial proportion of genetically determined ALS presents as apparently sporadic disease. Genotype–phenotype analysis revealed a marked female predominance among C9orf72 carriers (63.2%), broad age at onset variability (35–78 years), and cognitive impairment in 3 of 10 assessed C9orf72 patients (30%). SOD1 carriers showed an exclusively spinal phenotype with favorable survival (all four patients with available data alive at last follow-up, with disease duration of 24–125 months). Phenotypic heterogeneity was prominent across all gene groups. Discussion. Extended genetic screening identified a genetic variant in nearly 30% of ALS patients, with a substantial proportion occurring in individuals without a documented family history. C9orf72 remained the most frequent pathogenic alteration with a broad phenotypic spectrum. SOD1 variants were associated with spinal-onset disease and variable disease duration, while FUS and TARDBP, though less frequent, retain major clinical relevance for early-onset and aggressive disease. Class 3 hot VUS represent candidate pathogenic alleles requiring functional validation and prospective follow-up before clinical interpretation. Overall, genotype alone does not fully determine phenotype, as illustrated by the wide variability in age at onset, site of onset, diagnostic delay, and survival observed within each genetic subgroup. Conclusion. These findings support the routine implementation of extended multigene panel testing in all ALS patients| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109928