Background Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), or Kennedy's disease, is a rare X-linked neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, leading to protein dysfunction and a multisystemic phenotype. Although primarily recognised as a lower motor neuron disease, conflicting evidence across cohorts suggests subtle cognitive-behavioural involvement in SBMA (1), raising the hypothesis of a subclinical fronto-temporal networks system impairment. Eye movement analysis has emerged as a potential physiological surrogate marker of brain function (2, 3), and the unconstrained free-viewing paradigm has proven sensitive and specific in distinguishing exploratory patterns across neurodegenerative diseases and disease stages (4). We used this methodology to characterise the spontaneous visual exploration phenotype in SBMA patients and to assess its comparability with the exploratory pattern described in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), evaluating the hypothesised covert frontal involvement in this multisystem disorder. Aim of the study The primary objective was to characterise the spontaneous oculomotor exploration phenotype of SBMA patients during unconstrained free-viewing of naturalistic images, and to compare the extracted features with those of healthy controls (HCs) to detect subtle alterations. Comparisons were also performed with a cohort of patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), to assess whether the exploratory pattern in SBMA resembles that reported in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), providing indirect evidence of covert frontal system involvement. Concurrently, a neuropsychological assessment investigated correlations between oculomotor parameters and cognitive functioning across multiple domains. Materials and methods Twenty-one genetically confirmed male SBMA patients (mean CAG repeats: 45.67 ± 3.0, range 38–50) were recruited at the Motor Neuron Disease Centre of the Neurological Clinic of Padua. They were compared with 45 healthy controls and, for the exploratory-phenotype comparison, with a cohort of 23 bvFTD patients. Eye movements were recorded using an infrared eye tracker while participants viewed 20 naturalistic static scenes for 10,000 ms each under unconstrained free-viewing conditions. Spatiotemporal oculomotor features, including fixation metrics, saccadic parameters, and blink-related features, were extracted and compared across groups, and correlated with neuropsychological scores using appropriate statistical analyses. Results SBMA patients exhibited a significantly altered, hyperstatic free-viewing phenotype compared with healthy controls, characterized by fewer and longer fixations, reduced saccade frequency and number, and decreased scanpath extent. SBMA hyperstatic pattern closely resembles the one documented in FTD patients (5). Trail making test (TMT B) scores correlated significantly with fixation duration in SBMA patients. Conclusions SBMA patients display a covert frontotemporal spontaneous visual exploratory phenotype, that closely mirrors the hyperstatic exploration described in bvFTD and other FTLD subtypes. Although overt bvFTD is rare in SBMA, these findings suggest that free-viewing eye tracking can capture subclinical dysexecutive frontal dysfunction not readily detectable by standard clinical assessment. These findings support the use of oculomotor metrics as sensitive biomarkers for the characterization of non-motor cognitive burden in SBMA, expanding the knowledge on the clinical phenotype of the disease.
Background La SBMA (malattia di Kennedy) è una malattia neurodegenerativa legata al cromosoma X, causata dall'espansione CAG nel gene AR, con fenotipo multisistemico. Pur essendo classificata principalmente come malattia dei motoneuroni, alcuni studi suggeriscono un possibile coinvolgimento cognitivo-comportamentale subclinico, ipotizzando un'alterazione latente delle reti frontotemporali. L'analisi dei movimenti oculari, in particolare il paradigma della visione libera, si è dimostrata utile per distinguere pattern esplorativi tra diverse malattie neurodegenerative. Gli autori hanno quindi usato questa metodica per caratterizzare l'esplorazione visiva nei pazienti SBMA e confrontarla con quella tipica della bvFTD, con l'obiettivo di indagare un possibile coinvolgimento frontale nascosto in questa patologia. Obiettivo dello studio L’obiettivo primario era caratterizzare il fenotipo di esplorazione oculomotoria spontanea dei pazienti affetti da SBMA durante l'osservazione libera e non vincolata di immagini naturalistiche, e confrontare le caratteristiche estratte con quelle dei controlli sani (HC) per individuare alterazioni sottili. Sono stati inoltre effettuati confronti con una coorte di pazienti affetti da demenza frontotemporale variante comportamentale (bvFTD), per valutare se il modello esplorativo nella SBMA assomigli a quello riportato nella degenerazione lobare frontotemporale (FTLD), fornendo prove indirette di un coinvolgimento latente del sistema frontale. Contemporaneamente, una valutazione neuropsicologica ha indagato le correlazioni tra i parametri oculomotori e il funzionamento cognitivo in diversi ambiti. Materiali e metodi Sono stati reclutati ventuno pazienti maschi affetti da SBMA con conferma genetica (ripetizioni CAG medie: 45,67 ± 3,0, intervallo 38–50) presso il Centro per le Malattie dei Motoneuroni della Clinica Neurologica di Padova. Sono stati confrontati con 45 soggetti di controllo sani e, per il confronto del fenotipo esplorativo, con una coorte di 23 pazienti affetti da bvFTD. I movimenti oculari sono stati registrati utilizzando un eye tracker a infrarossi mentre i partecipanti osservavano 20 scene statiche naturalistiche per 10.000 ms ciascuna in condizioni di visione libera senza vincoli. Le caratteristiche spazio-temporali oculomotorie, tra cui le metriche di fissazione, i parametri saccadici e le caratteristiche relative al battito delle palpebre, sono state estratte e confrontate tra i gruppi, e correlate ai punteggi neuropsicologici mediante appropriate analisi statistiche. Risultati I pazienti affetti da SBMA hanno mostrato un fenotipo di osservazione libera significativamente alterato e iperstatico rispetto ai controlli sani, caratterizzato da fissazioni meno numerose e più lunghe, da una riduzione della frequenza e del numero di saccadi e da una diminuzione dell’estensione del percorso di scansione. Il modello iperstatico della SBMA assomiglia da vicino a quello documentato nei pazienti affetti da FTD (5). I punteggi del Trail Making Test (TMT B) erano significativamente correlati alla durata delle fissazioni nei pazienti affetti da SBMA. Conclusioni I pazienti affetti da SBMA presentano un fenotipo di esplorazione visiva spontanea frontotemporale latente, che rispecchia da vicino l’esplorazione iperstatica descritta nella bvFTD e in altri sottotipi di FTLD. Sebbene la bvFTD conclamata sia rara nella SBMA, questi risultati suggeriscono che il tracciamento oculare durante la visione libera di immagini naturalistiche possa rilevare una disfunzione frontale disesecutiva subclinica, non facilmente individuabile mediante la valutazione clinica standard. Questi risultati sostengono l’uso delle metriche oculomotorie come biomarcatori sensibili per la caratterizzazione delle affezioni cognitive non motorie della SBMA, ampliando le conoscenze sul fenotipo clinico della malattia.
Eye-tracking ed esplorazione visiva libera nella malattia di Kennedy: caratterizzazione dei pattern oculomotori spontanei e dei correlati neuropsicologici
VIERO, NICOLA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), or Kennedy's disease, is a rare X-linked neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, leading to protein dysfunction and a multisystemic phenotype. Although primarily recognised as a lower motor neuron disease, conflicting evidence across cohorts suggests subtle cognitive-behavioural involvement in SBMA (1), raising the hypothesis of a subclinical fronto-temporal networks system impairment. Eye movement analysis has emerged as a potential physiological surrogate marker of brain function (2, 3), and the unconstrained free-viewing paradigm has proven sensitive and specific in distinguishing exploratory patterns across neurodegenerative diseases and disease stages (4). We used this methodology to characterise the spontaneous visual exploration phenotype in SBMA patients and to assess its comparability with the exploratory pattern described in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), evaluating the hypothesised covert frontal involvement in this multisystem disorder. Aim of the study The primary objective was to characterise the spontaneous oculomotor exploration phenotype of SBMA patients during unconstrained free-viewing of naturalistic images, and to compare the extracted features with those of healthy controls (HCs) to detect subtle alterations. Comparisons were also performed with a cohort of patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), to assess whether the exploratory pattern in SBMA resembles that reported in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), providing indirect evidence of covert frontal system involvement. Concurrently, a neuropsychological assessment investigated correlations between oculomotor parameters and cognitive functioning across multiple domains. Materials and methods Twenty-one genetically confirmed male SBMA patients (mean CAG repeats: 45.67 ± 3.0, range 38–50) were recruited at the Motor Neuron Disease Centre of the Neurological Clinic of Padua. They were compared with 45 healthy controls and, for the exploratory-phenotype comparison, with a cohort of 23 bvFTD patients. Eye movements were recorded using an infrared eye tracker while participants viewed 20 naturalistic static scenes for 10,000 ms each under unconstrained free-viewing conditions. Spatiotemporal oculomotor features, including fixation metrics, saccadic parameters, and blink-related features, were extracted and compared across groups, and correlated with neuropsychological scores using appropriate statistical analyses. Results SBMA patients exhibited a significantly altered, hyperstatic free-viewing phenotype compared with healthy controls, characterized by fewer and longer fixations, reduced saccade frequency and number, and decreased scanpath extent. SBMA hyperstatic pattern closely resembles the one documented in FTD patients (5). Trail making test (TMT B) scores correlated significantly with fixation duration in SBMA patients. Conclusions SBMA patients display a covert frontotemporal spontaneous visual exploratory phenotype, that closely mirrors the hyperstatic exploration described in bvFTD and other FTLD subtypes. Although overt bvFTD is rare in SBMA, these findings suggest that free-viewing eye tracking can capture subclinical dysexecutive frontal dysfunction not readily detectable by standard clinical assessment. These findings support the use of oculomotor metrics as sensitive biomarkers for the characterization of non-motor cognitive burden in SBMA, expanding the knowledge on the clinical phenotype of the disease.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109930