Nutritional and metabolic consequences of non-prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists use in metabolically healthy individuals.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are widely used in the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus due to their effectiveness in the improvement of glycemic control and promotion of weight loss. However, in the past couple of years their use has increased beyond approved medical indications, especially among metabolically healthy individuals who are seeking rapid or aesthetic weight reduction. This trend has raised concerns regarding the potential nutritional, metabolic and long-term physiological consequences of non-prescribed or unsupervised use. The aim of this thesis was to review current evidence regarding the health and nutritional consequences associated with the misuse of GLP-1 receptor agonists in metabolically healthy individuals. The review focused on metabolic adaptation, endocrine regulation, nutritional deficiencies, body composition changes and potential long-term health risks. The analyzed literature suggests that extended appetite suppression and reduced caloric intake in metabolically healthy individuals could disrupt normal energy homeostasis and contribute to hormonal adaptations involving leptin, ghrelin, insulin and glucagon. Additionally non-medical use may increase the risk of protein insufficiency, micronutrient deficiencies, dehydration and lean body mass loss, especially without appropriate nutrition and medical supervision. In conclusion, although GLP-1 receptor agonists remain effective in obesity and diabetes treatment, their use in healthy individuals may potentially lead to unintended metabolic and nutritional consequences. Continuous research and appropriate clinical oversight is necessary to be able to better evaluate the safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists use on patients without medical indications.