In the context of the Po Valley, characterised by the predominance of cereal monoculture and growing pressure towards the reduction of chemical inputs, wheat-legume intercropping represents a historically consolidated but today largely abandoned agronomic practice, whose reassessment appears urgent in light of the challenges posed by climate change and the sustainability objectives defined at european and national level. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic response of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to individual relay intercropping with eight legume species, comparing the effects of halving the mineral top-dressing nitrogen fertilisation with respect to monoculture at the conventional mineral nitrogen dose. Low-sized forage legumes (Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens, Hedysarum coronarium, T. pratense) and high-sized forage legumes (T. alexandrinum, T. michelianum), as well as grain legumes (pea and vetch), were tested. For each legume species, two sowing densities (corresponding to two levels of reduction with respect to the pure legume, i.e., monoculture) and two managements were compared: termination through spring herbicide application or legume maintenance until wheat harvest time. The research analysed the effects on vegetational indeces dynamics (NDVI and SPAD), on morphological parameters, and grain yield and quality. Low-sized forage legumes stood out for their weak competitiveness to wheat, limiting the cereal yield losses within 13% compared to the full nitrogen dose control, regardless of the legume sowing density and the management strategy adopted, a result similar to that observed in monoculture with halved nitrogen dose. At physiological and morphological level, these legume species maintained wheat NDVI and SPAD values generally close to the control, with increases in flag leaf length (+10-29%; seldom significant at p≤0.05) and LAI, without significantly compromising spike length or last internode length. High-sized forage legumes allowed the maintenance of yield and quality comparable to the control at full nitrogen dose only by reducing the sowing density and applying spring herbicide termination. In particular, T. alexandrinum with reduced sowing density and herbicide-treated yielded the highest wheat grain yield among the tested legumes (8.7 t ha⁻¹: only -2% vs. 100N control; n.s.), associated with LAI values up to +79% compared to the control, increases in flag leaf length (+27%) and internode length (+10%) (all n.s.), and stable SPAD indices throughout the entire cycle. Grain legumes determine a significant yield decrease of approximately 30% when herbicide-terminated and approximately 50% when maintained until wheat harvest, however they allowed the production of ~1 t ha⁻¹ of vetch grains and 2 t ha⁻¹ of pea grains, in the case of the lowest sowing density and non-herbicide-treated. From a qualitative standpoint, the intercropped wheat significantly contained the reduction in protein, wet gluten and W strength that was instead observed in wheat monoculture at reduced nitrogen fertilisation. The trial confirms that wheat relay intercropping is a feasible strategy for the reduction of synthetic nitrogen fertilisation, if supported by precise management choices, such as the reduction of legume sowing density by 30–50%, and the use of spring herbicide termination for high-sized legume species, in the absence of adequate valorisation of the grain produced by the legume. While considering the limitations of this evaluation from a single growing season and the lack of direct measurements of fixed nitrogen, these results demonstrate that wheat relay intercropping can reconcile grain yield and quality while reducing synthetic nitrogen fertilisation, confirming itself as a concrete and promising agronomic strategy for a more resilient agriculture in the Po Valley, aligned with the European objectives of reducing chemical inputs.
Nel contesto della Pianura Padana, caratterizzato dalla predominanza della monocoltura cerealicola e dalla pressione verso la riduzione degli input chimici e dei loro costi elevati, le consociazioni frumento-leguminosa rappresentano una pratica agronomica la cui rivalutazione appare urgente alla luce delle sfide del cambiamento climatico e degli obiettivi di sostenibilità europei e nazionali. Questo studio ha valutato la risposta agronomica del frumento tenero alla consociazione tramite bulatura con otto diverse leguminose, confrontando gli effetti di un dimezzamento della concimazione azotata minerale di copertura rispetto alla monocoltura alla dose convenzionale. Sono state testate leguminose foraggere a taglia bassa (Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens, Hedysarum coronarium, T. pratense), a taglia elevata (T. alexandrinum, T. michelianum) e leguminose da granella (pisello e veccia), confrontando per ogni specie due densità di semina e due gestioni: terminazione con diserbo primaverile o mantenimento della leguminosa fino alla raccolta. La ricerca ha analizzato gli effetti sulle dinamiche vegetazionali (indici NDVI e SPAD), sui parametri morfologici, e sulla resa e qualità della granella. Le leguminose foraggere a taglia bassa si sono distinte per una modesta competitività sul frumento, limitando la perdita di resa del cereale entro il 13% rispetto al controllo a piena dose di azoto, indipendentemente dalla densità di semina e dalla strategia di gestione adottata, con un risultato simile alla monocoltura con dose azotata dimezzata. Sul piano fisiologico e morfologico, queste specie hanno mantenuto valori di NDVI e SPAD generalmente prossimi al controllo, con incrementi della lunghezza della foglia a bandiera (+10–29%) e del LAI, senza compromettere significativamente la lunghezza della spiga né dell'ultimo internodo. Le foraggere a taglia elevata hanno consentito il mantenimento di resa e qualità organizzative comparabili al controllo a dose piena di azoto solo riducendo la dose di semina e applicando il diserbo primaverile. In particolare, il T. alexandrinum con dose di semina ridotta e diserbato ha portato alla resa del frumento più elevata tra le leguminose testate (8,7 t ha-1, solo -2% rispetto al controllo 100N), associata a incrementi del LAI fino a +79%, della lunghezza della foglia a bandiera (+27%) e dell'ultimo internodo (+10%), con indici SPAD stabili durante tutto il ciclo. Le leguminose da granella hanno invece determinato un calo significativo della resa del cereale, pari a circa il 30% se diserbate e di circa il 50% se mantenute fino alla raccolta; tuttavia, nel caso della dose di semina più bassa e non diserbate, consentono la produzione di circa 1 t ha-1 di granella di veccia o 2 t ha-1 di pisello. Sotto il profilo qualitativo, tutte le consociazioni hanno contenuto in modo significativo la riduzione di proteine, glutine umido e forza W che è stata invece osservata nella monocoltura alla dose di concimazione azotata ridotta. La sperimentazione conferma che la bulatura del frumento è una strategia percorribile per la riduzione della concimazione azotata di sintesi, se supportata da precise scelte gestionali, come la riduzione della densità di semina della leguminosa del 30-50% e l'uso del diserbo primaverile per le specie più competitive a taglia elevata. Pur considerando i limiti di una singola annata e la mancanza di misurazioni dirette dell'azoto fissato, i risultati dimostrano che la bulatura del frumento può conciliare resa e qualità del cereale riducendo la concimazione azotata, confermandosi una strategia agronomica concreta e promettente per un'agricoltura della Pianura Padana più resiliente e in linea con gli obiettivi europei di riduzione degli input chimici.
Risposta agronomica del grano tenero con bulatura primaverile di leguminose per la riduzione della concimazione azotata
MIMINI, SAMUELE
2025/2026
Abstract
In the context of the Po Valley, characterised by the predominance of cereal monoculture and growing pressure towards the reduction of chemical inputs, wheat-legume intercropping represents a historically consolidated but today largely abandoned agronomic practice, whose reassessment appears urgent in light of the challenges posed by climate change and the sustainability objectives defined at european and national level. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic response of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to individual relay intercropping with eight legume species, comparing the effects of halving the mineral top-dressing nitrogen fertilisation with respect to monoculture at the conventional mineral nitrogen dose. Low-sized forage legumes (Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens, Hedysarum coronarium, T. pratense) and high-sized forage legumes (T. alexandrinum, T. michelianum), as well as grain legumes (pea and vetch), were tested. For each legume species, two sowing densities (corresponding to two levels of reduction with respect to the pure legume, i.e., monoculture) and two managements were compared: termination through spring herbicide application or legume maintenance until wheat harvest time. The research analysed the effects on vegetational indeces dynamics (NDVI and SPAD), on morphological parameters, and grain yield and quality. Low-sized forage legumes stood out for their weak competitiveness to wheat, limiting the cereal yield losses within 13% compared to the full nitrogen dose control, regardless of the legume sowing density and the management strategy adopted, a result similar to that observed in monoculture with halved nitrogen dose. At physiological and morphological level, these legume species maintained wheat NDVI and SPAD values generally close to the control, with increases in flag leaf length (+10-29%; seldom significant at p≤0.05) and LAI, without significantly compromising spike length or last internode length. High-sized forage legumes allowed the maintenance of yield and quality comparable to the control at full nitrogen dose only by reducing the sowing density and applying spring herbicide termination. In particular, T. alexandrinum with reduced sowing density and herbicide-treated yielded the highest wheat grain yield among the tested legumes (8.7 t ha⁻¹: only -2% vs. 100N control; n.s.), associated with LAI values up to +79% compared to the control, increases in flag leaf length (+27%) and internode length (+10%) (all n.s.), and stable SPAD indices throughout the entire cycle. Grain legumes determine a significant yield decrease of approximately 30% when herbicide-terminated and approximately 50% when maintained until wheat harvest, however they allowed the production of ~1 t ha⁻¹ of vetch grains and 2 t ha⁻¹ of pea grains, in the case of the lowest sowing density and non-herbicide-treated. From a qualitative standpoint, the intercropped wheat significantly contained the reduction in protein, wet gluten and W strength that was instead observed in wheat monoculture at reduced nitrogen fertilisation. The trial confirms that wheat relay intercropping is a feasible strategy for the reduction of synthetic nitrogen fertilisation, if supported by precise management choices, such as the reduction of legume sowing density by 30–50%, and the use of spring herbicide termination for high-sized legume species, in the absence of adequate valorisation of the grain produced by the legume. While considering the limitations of this evaluation from a single growing season and the lack of direct measurements of fixed nitrogen, these results demonstrate that wheat relay intercropping can reconcile grain yield and quality while reducing synthetic nitrogen fertilisation, confirming itself as a concrete and promising agronomic strategy for a more resilient agriculture in the Po Valley, aligned with the European objectives of reducing chemical inputs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110224