Planets migrate radially in the protoplanetary disk during their formation, due to momentum exchange with the surrounding material. Gas has traditionally been identified as the sole influence on migration, but in the last years, it has been demonstrated that also solid particles may give a significant contribution to the total migration torque. Dust torque has been shown to be highly dependent on the Stokes number, making it difficult to assess how significant it is in real protoplanetary disks. In this thesis, dust torque is calculated for a typical protoplanetary disk at 1 AU, with gas density of 1 kg/cm2 and for various planet masses. Dust is simulated as an ensemble of Lagrangian particles parametrized by size, embedded in the gaseous disk, and subject to drag and turbulent diffusion. The simulations are carried out with a customized version of the PLUTO software, which implements a Stokes and Epstein drag regimes, as well as a more realistic planet potential smoothing compared to previous works. The obtained values of torque are slightly different than the previous calculations, but overall are compatible with the previously predicted positive torque. They show how for this type of disk, dust torque is generally negligible, but highly dependent on the maximum size of the dust particles, highlighting the necessity of accurate dust growth and fragmentation modeling in the calculation.
Durante la loro formazione, i pianeti migrano radialmente nel disco protoplanetario a causa dello scambio di momento angolare con il materiale circostante. Tradizionalmente, il gas è stato identificato come l’unico fattore che influenza la migrazione, ma negli ultimi anni è stato dimostrato che anche le particelle solide possono fornire un contributo significativo alla coppia di migrazione totale. Lavori precedenti mostrano come la coppia di polvere dipende in larga parte dal numero di Stokes, rendendo difficile valutare quanto sia significativa in dischi protoplanetari reali. In questa tesi, la coppia della polvere viene calcolata per un disco protoplanetario “tipico” a 1 AU, con una densità del gas di 1 kg/cm2, per varie masse planetarie. La polvere viene simulata come un insieme di particelle lagrangiane parametrizzate in base alle dimensioni, immerse nel disco gassoso e soggette a resistenza aerodinamica e diffusione turbolenta. Le simulazioni vengono effettuate con una versione personalizzata del software PLUTO, che implementa i regimi di resistenza di Stokes ed Epstein, oltre a uno smoothing del potenziale planetario più realistico rispetto ai lavori precedenti. I valori di coppia ottenuti differiscono leggermente dai calcoli precedenti, ma sono nel complesso compatibili con la coppia positiva prevista in precedenza. Essi mostrano come, per questo tipo di disco, la coppia della polvere sia nella maggior parte dei casi trascurabile, ma dipenda comunque in larga misura dalla dimensione massima delle particelle di polvere. Diventa quindi evidente la necessità di una modellizzazione accurata della crescita e della frammentazione dei granelli di polvere nel calcolo della coppia
Dust Torque calculation in type I planetary migration with Lagrangian particles simulations
BEZZE, GIOVANNI
2025/2026
Abstract
Planets migrate radially in the protoplanetary disk during their formation, due to momentum exchange with the surrounding material. Gas has traditionally been identified as the sole influence on migration, but in the last years, it has been demonstrated that also solid particles may give a significant contribution to the total migration torque. Dust torque has been shown to be highly dependent on the Stokes number, making it difficult to assess how significant it is in real protoplanetary disks. In this thesis, dust torque is calculated for a typical protoplanetary disk at 1 AU, with gas density of 1 kg/cm2 and for various planet masses. Dust is simulated as an ensemble of Lagrangian particles parametrized by size, embedded in the gaseous disk, and subject to drag and turbulent diffusion. The simulations are carried out with a customized version of the PLUTO software, which implements a Stokes and Epstein drag regimes, as well as a more realistic planet potential smoothing compared to previous works. The obtained values of torque are slightly different than the previous calculations, but overall are compatible with the previously predicted positive torque. They show how for this type of disk, dust torque is generally negligible, but highly dependent on the maximum size of the dust particles, highlighting the necessity of accurate dust growth and fragmentation modeling in the calculation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110310