Over the past decades, DNA sequencing technologies have rapidly evolved, progressively improving both the quality and complexity of genomic data that can be analyzed. These advances have greatly expanded our understanding of genome structure and gene function. In particular, the development of third-generation sequencing technologies, such as Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), capable of producing long DNA reads, has enabled the assembly of even very large and complex genomes (i.e. characterized by extensive repetitive regions). To achieve reliable long-read sequencing, it is essential to extract high-quality and high molecular weight (HMW) DNA. This process is considerably delicate, as it requires preserving both DNA integrity and obtaining high-yield DNA while simultaneously removing contaminants such as cell debris, RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, DNA quality, yield and integrity represent critical parameters for successful sequencing. The difficulty of HMW DNA extraction varies considerably among species, depending on the presence of compounds that interfere with DNA purity and integrity. This issue is particularly relevant in species rich in phenolic compounds, such as Cichorium intybus. For this reason, several extraction protocols were tested on C. intybus, both including commercial kits such as DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, a conventional CTAB-based protocol, and two modified CTAB approaches incorporating either a prior nuclei isolation step or preliminary washes with a sorbitol-based buffer. Among these methods, the sorbitol-CTAB protocol proved to be the most effective, overcoming the low DNA concentration and purity issues observed with the previous approaches, yielding DNA with high quantity and integrity. Based on these results, the sorbitol-CTAB extraction method appears to have strong potential as a broadly applicable protocol for HMW DNA extraction. After confirming its effectiveness across different varieties and biotypes of C. intybus, the protocol was applied to two additional tree species, one representative of the angiosperm group and one of the gymnosperm, to further evaluate its versatility across phylogenetically distant species. This work represents a small step toward the development of a more universal protocol for HMW DNA extraction that could also be applied to the forestry field, which, compared with agricultural crops, remains relatively underdeveloped in terms of genetic research. Although forest species are generally subjected to less intensive cultivation and breeding than agricultural crops, advancing genetic studies in forestry is becoming increasingly important in the context of climate change and ongoing biodiversity loss. A deeper understanding of genetic processes is essential to preserve and exploit genetic variability which represents a key resource for the adaptation, conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems.
Negli ultimi decenni, le tecnologie di sequenziamento del DNA si sono evolute rapidamente, migliorando progressivamente sia la qualità sia la complessità dei dati genomici che possono essere analizzati. Questi progressi hanno ampliato notevolmente la nostra comprensione della struttura del genoma e del funzionamento dei geni. In particolare, lo sviluppo delle tecnologie di sequenziamento di terza generazione, come Oxford Nanopore Technologies, capaci di produrre lunghe reads di DNA, ha reso possibile l’assemblaggio di genomi sempre più grandi e complessi (caratterizzati cioè da enormi regioni ripetute). Per ottenere un sequenziamento long-read affidabile, è essenziale estrarre DNA ad alto peso molecolare (HMW) di elevata qualità. Questo processo è particolarmente delicato poiché richiede di preservare l’integrità del DNA e ottenere concentrazioni elevate, rimuovendo simultaneamente contaminanti quali detriti cellulari, RNA, proteine, polisaccaridi e composti polifenolici. Per questo motivo, qualità, quantità e integrità del DNA rappresentano parametri fondamentali per il successo del sequenziamento. La difficoltà dell’estrazione di DNA HMW varia considerevolmente tra le specie in funzione della presenza di composti che interferiscono con la purezza e l’integrità del DNA. Questo problema è particolarmente rilevante nelle specie ricche di composti organici come Cichorium intybus. Per tale motivo, su C. intybus sono stati testati diversi protocolli di estrazione, comprendenti sia kit commerciali come il DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, sia protocolli basati su CTAB, tra cui l’isolamento di nuclei seguito da metodo CTAB (NICE), un metodo CTAB modificato, e un metodo basato su lavaggi con sorbitolo seguiti da metodo CTAB. Tra questi metodi, il protocollo basato sul sorbitolo si è dimostrato il più efficace, superando i problemi di bassa concentrazione e purezza osservati nell’impiego degli altri approcci e producendo DNA caratterizzato da elevata quantità e integrità. Sulla base di questi risultati, il metodo di estrazione con sorbitolo è stato identificato come un approccio promettente per l’estrazione di DNA HMW ad ampio spettro di applicabilità. Dopo averne confermato l’efficacia su diverse varietà di C. intybus, il protocollo è stato impiegato su due specie arboree, una appartenente al gruppo delle angiosperme e una a quello delle gimnosperme, al fine di valutarne la versatilità su specie filogeneticamente molto lontane. Questo lavoro rappresenta un piccolo passo verso lo sviluppo di un protocollo più universale per l’estrazione di DNA HMW applicabile anche al settore forestale, che, rispetto alle colture agrarie, risulta ancora relativamente poco avanzato dal punto di vista della ricerca genetica. Sebbene le specie forestali siano generalmente soggette a una selezione e coltivazione meno intensive rispetto alle colture agrarie, il progresso degli studi genetici in ambito forestale sta diventando sempre più importante nel contesto del cambiamento climatico e della continua perdita di biodiversità. Una comprensione più approfondita dei processi genetici è essenziale per preservare e valorizzare la variabilità genetica, che rappresenta una risorsa chiave per l’adattamento, la conservazione e la gestione sostenibile degli ecosistemi forestali.
Optimizing High-Molecular-Weight DNA Extraction for Long-Read Sequencing
NAGY, GAIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Over the past decades, DNA sequencing technologies have rapidly evolved, progressively improving both the quality and complexity of genomic data that can be analyzed. These advances have greatly expanded our understanding of genome structure and gene function. In particular, the development of third-generation sequencing technologies, such as Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), capable of producing long DNA reads, has enabled the assembly of even very large and complex genomes (i.e. characterized by extensive repetitive regions). To achieve reliable long-read sequencing, it is essential to extract high-quality and high molecular weight (HMW) DNA. This process is considerably delicate, as it requires preserving both DNA integrity and obtaining high-yield DNA while simultaneously removing contaminants such as cell debris, RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, DNA quality, yield and integrity represent critical parameters for successful sequencing. The difficulty of HMW DNA extraction varies considerably among species, depending on the presence of compounds that interfere with DNA purity and integrity. This issue is particularly relevant in species rich in phenolic compounds, such as Cichorium intybus. For this reason, several extraction protocols were tested on C. intybus, both including commercial kits such as DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, a conventional CTAB-based protocol, and two modified CTAB approaches incorporating either a prior nuclei isolation step or preliminary washes with a sorbitol-based buffer. Among these methods, the sorbitol-CTAB protocol proved to be the most effective, overcoming the low DNA concentration and purity issues observed with the previous approaches, yielding DNA with high quantity and integrity. Based on these results, the sorbitol-CTAB extraction method appears to have strong potential as a broadly applicable protocol for HMW DNA extraction. After confirming its effectiveness across different varieties and biotypes of C. intybus, the protocol was applied to two additional tree species, one representative of the angiosperm group and one of the gymnosperm, to further evaluate its versatility across phylogenetically distant species. This work represents a small step toward the development of a more universal protocol for HMW DNA extraction that could also be applied to the forestry field, which, compared with agricultural crops, remains relatively underdeveloped in terms of genetic research. Although forest species are generally subjected to less intensive cultivation and breeding than agricultural crops, advancing genetic studies in forestry is becoming increasingly important in the context of climate change and ongoing biodiversity loss. A deeper understanding of genetic processes is essential to preserve and exploit genetic variability which represents a key resource for the adaptation, conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110364