The use of organic dyes for applications that go beyond the simple dyeing of garments or pigments for painting has experienced significant development in recent years. In particular, these systems have attracted interest as photosensitizers in the field of photocatalysis. Photocatalytic systems typically consist of a photosensitizer which, by absorbing electromagnetic radiation, becomes excited, initiating the catalytic cycle. Through interaction with a substrate, the photosensitizer is reduced or oxidized, subsequently transferring electrons to a metal catalyst. The latter is capable of mediating the final reaction with the substrate to generate the products. Given that the photosensitizer constitutes the starting point for the entire catalytic cycle, it is essential to optimize its efficiency in interacting with light. A phenomenon of recent interest in this field is aggregation-induced emission (AIE), where the aggregation of single chromophore molecules generates an increase in the fluorescence of the sample. The quintessential model system for this process is tetraphenylethylene (TPE), an organic chromophore that, thanks to its ease of functionalization and ready availability, finds application in countless sectors, ranging from bioimaging to photocatalysis. The following thesis work focuses primarily on presenting the essential theoretical concepts for understanding the AIE phenomenon and the characteristics of TPE, in order to understand its application in the photocatalytic field. Subsequently, the synthetic procedures adopted to obtain two TPE derivatives with different structural characteristics are presented. These were chosen to investigate the effects of aggregation and to attempt to modulate the population of the singlet and triplet electronic states, in order to control their photocatalytic properties. Finally, the results obtained from the structural and photophysical characterization are presented, with particular attention to crucial parameters such as the fluorescence quantum yield and the decay dynamics analyzed via time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC).
L’utilizzo di coloranti organici per applicazioni che vanno oltre la semplice colorazione di indumenti o pigmenti per la pittura ha conosciuto un notevole sviluppo negli ultimi anni. In particolare, questi sistemi hanno destato interesse come fotosensibilizzatori nell’ambito della fotocatalisi. I sistemi fotocatalitici sono tipicamente costituiti da un fotosensibilizzatore che, assorbendo la radiazione elettromagnetica, si eccita, avviando il ciclo catalitico. Attraverso l'interazione con un substrato, il fotosensibilizzatore si riduce o si ossida, trasferendo poi gli elettroni a un catalizzatore metallico. Quest'ultimo è in grado di mediare la reazione finale con il substrato per generare i prodotti. Dato che il fotosensibilizzatore costituisce il punto iniziale per tutto il ciclo catalitico, è essenziale ottimizzare la sua efficienza nell’interazione con la luce. Un fenomeno di recente interesse in questo ambito è l’aggregation induced emission (AIE), per il quale l’aggregazione di singole molecole di cromofori genera un aumento della fluorescenza del campione. Il sistema modello per eccellenza di questo processo è il tetrafeniletilene (TPE), un cromoforo organico che, grazie alla semplicità di funzionalizzazione e alla facile reperibilità, trova applicazione in innumerevoli settori, che spaziano dal bioimaging alla fotocatalisi. Il seguente lavoro di tesi si concentra in primo luogo sull’esposizione dei concetti teorici essenziali per comprendere il fenomeno dell’AIE e le caratteristiche del TPE, per comprenderne l’applicazione in ambito fotocatalitico. Successivamente vengono esposte le procedure sintetiche adottate per l’ottenimento di due derivati del TPE con caratteristiche strutturali differenti, scelti per investigare gli effetti dell’aggregazione e per cercare di modulare la popolazione degli stati elettronici di singoletto e tripletto, in modo da poterne controllare le proprietà fotocatalitiche. Infine, vengono presentati i risultati ottenuti dalla caratterizzazione strutturale e fotofisica, con particolare attenzione a parametri cruciali quali la resa quantica di fluorescenza e le dinamiche di decadimento analizzate tramite time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC).
Controllo della fluorescenza in derivati del tetrafeniletilene: dall’emissione allo spegnimento indotti dall’aggregazione
ZEN, MIRKO
2025/2026
Abstract
The use of organic dyes for applications that go beyond the simple dyeing of garments or pigments for painting has experienced significant development in recent years. In particular, these systems have attracted interest as photosensitizers in the field of photocatalysis. Photocatalytic systems typically consist of a photosensitizer which, by absorbing electromagnetic radiation, becomes excited, initiating the catalytic cycle. Through interaction with a substrate, the photosensitizer is reduced or oxidized, subsequently transferring electrons to a metal catalyst. The latter is capable of mediating the final reaction with the substrate to generate the products. Given that the photosensitizer constitutes the starting point for the entire catalytic cycle, it is essential to optimize its efficiency in interacting with light. A phenomenon of recent interest in this field is aggregation-induced emission (AIE), where the aggregation of single chromophore molecules generates an increase in the fluorescence of the sample. The quintessential model system for this process is tetraphenylethylene (TPE), an organic chromophore that, thanks to its ease of functionalization and ready availability, finds application in countless sectors, ranging from bioimaging to photocatalysis. The following thesis work focuses primarily on presenting the essential theoretical concepts for understanding the AIE phenomenon and the characteristics of TPE, in order to understand its application in the photocatalytic field. Subsequently, the synthetic procedures adopted to obtain two TPE derivatives with different structural characteristics are presented. These were chosen to investigate the effects of aggregation and to attempt to modulate the population of the singlet and triplet electronic states, in order to control their photocatalytic properties. Finally, the results obtained from the structural and photophysical characterization are presented, with particular attention to crucial parameters such as the fluorescence quantum yield and the decay dynamics analyzed via time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110442