Heat training utilizes high temperatures to induce physiological changes in the body, thereby improving performance, especially in environments with similar conditions. It is used primarily in professional cycling to enhance performance, specifically by increasing total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass). This study aims to provide an overview of the physiological adaptations, methodologies, and application of heat training protocols in cycling, comparing them with the benefits of high-altitude training, which, through exposure to a hypoxic environment, increases erythropoietin production and, consequently, hematocrit levels. The goal is to synthesize the existing knowledge in the literature in order to establish the effectiveness of the methodology under analysis. The heat acclimation protocol leads to an optimization of the thermoregulatory mechanisms responsible for heat dissipation and sweat rate and an improvement in performance during a time trial (TT), and an increase in Power Output (PO) at the second lactate threshold (LT2), primarily in hot environments. Heat training also leads to an increase in plasma volume (PV) and maximum cardiac output. The benefits in terms of tHbmass are comparable to those obtained through a “Live High - Train High” (LHTH) protocol. These adaptations are developed through protocols consisting of 5 sessions per week, each lasting 50 minutes to 1 hour, for a total of 5 weeks; a decline in these adaptations is observed between 10 and 14 days after discontinuing the heat training protocol. They can be preserved over time through the use of maintenance protocols consisting of fewer weekly sessions, resulting in a lower total training volume.
L’heat training sfrutta le alte temperature al fine di indurre cambiamenti fisiologici nell’organismo, permettendo così un miglioramento della performance, specialmente in ambienti che presentano le medesime condizioni ambientali. Esso è utilizzato specialmente nel ciclismo professionistico allo scopo di migliorare le prestazioni, in particolare, grazie all’aumento della massa totale di emoglobina (tHbmass). Questo studio si pone l’obiettivo di realizzare una panoramica sugli adattamenti fisiologici, le metodologie e l’applicazione dei protocolli dell’heat training in ambito ciclistico, confrontandoli con i benefici dell’allenamento in altura, il quale, tramite l’esposizione ad un ambiente ipossico, permette un incremento della produzione di eritropoietina e di conseguenza, dell’ematocrito. Lo scopo è organizzare le conoscenze presenti in letteratura, al fine di stabilire l’efficacia della metodologia in analisi. L’heat acclimation protocol porta ad un’ottimizzazione dei meccanismi termoregolatori responsabili della dispersione del calore e del tasso di sudorazione e ad un miglioramento della performance in una prova time-trial (TT), ad un incremento del Power Output (PO) alla seconda soglia lattacida (LT2), principalmente in ambienti caldi. L’heat training, inoltre, porta ad un aumento del volume plasmatico (PV) e della gittata cardiaca massima. I benefici in termini di tHbmass sono comparabili a quelli ottenuti tramite un protocollo “Live High - Train High” (LHTH). Questi adattamenti vengono sviluppati tramite l’applicazione di protocolli che prevedono 5 sessioni a settimana da 50 min-1 h/die, per un totale di 5 settimane e se ne osserva un decadimento nel periodo compreso tra i 10 e i 14 giorni successivi all’interruzione del protocollo heat. Essi possono essere preservati nel tempo tramite l’utilizzo di protocolli di mantenimento costituiti da un minor numero di sessioni settimanali, risultando, così, in un volume totale inferiore.
Heat training nel ciclismo
BRESSAN, FILIPPO
2025/2026
Abstract
Heat training utilizes high temperatures to induce physiological changes in the body, thereby improving performance, especially in environments with similar conditions. It is used primarily in professional cycling to enhance performance, specifically by increasing total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass). This study aims to provide an overview of the physiological adaptations, methodologies, and application of heat training protocols in cycling, comparing them with the benefits of high-altitude training, which, through exposure to a hypoxic environment, increases erythropoietin production and, consequently, hematocrit levels. The goal is to synthesize the existing knowledge in the literature in order to establish the effectiveness of the methodology under analysis. The heat acclimation protocol leads to an optimization of the thermoregulatory mechanisms responsible for heat dissipation and sweat rate and an improvement in performance during a time trial (TT), and an increase in Power Output (PO) at the second lactate threshold (LT2), primarily in hot environments. Heat training also leads to an increase in plasma volume (PV) and maximum cardiac output. The benefits in terms of tHbmass are comparable to those obtained through a “Live High - Train High” (LHTH) protocol. These adaptations are developed through protocols consisting of 5 sessions per week, each lasting 50 minutes to 1 hour, for a total of 5 weeks; a decline in these adaptations is observed between 10 and 14 days after discontinuing the heat training protocol. They can be preserved over time through the use of maintenance protocols consisting of fewer weekly sessions, resulting in a lower total training volume.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110538