Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system affecting approximately 2.8 million people worldwide, with an incidence approximately two times higher in women than in men. Characterized by demyelination and inflammation, it leads to progressive disability, often with onset between the ages of 20 and 40. The disease disrupts signal transmission along sensory and motor pathways: in this context, evoked potentials represent a particularly valuable diagnostic and monitoring tool, as they allow a functional and non-invasive assessment of neural conduction integrity. This work examines the role of multimodal evoked potentials—obtained through different stimulation techniques—in the diagnosis and monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis. In particular, alterations in the latency and morphology of electrical responses to specific stimuli are considered indicators of demyelinating damage. The thesis first provides a brief review of the anatomical and physiological principles of the nervous system, with particular emphasis on the complex electrical mechanisms underlying its function. Furthermore, the sensory and motor systems are described, focusing on the pathways connecting the periphery to the cerebral cortex, as these constitute major sites for evoked potential recording. Subsequently, the focus shifts to evoked potentials, as well as on the instrumentation and methodologies used for signal acquisition and processing. The recorded signals, which are generally low in amplitude and affected by artifacts of various origins, require processing techniques based on averaging multiple responses measured over successive trials. Visual (VEP), motor (MEP), auditory (AEP), and somatosensory (SSEP) evoked potentials are analyzed separately, illustrating their stimulation methods, waveform characteristics, and main clinical applications. Finally, after outlining the clinical and pathophysiological framework of Multiple Sclerosis, the role of multimodal evoked potentials as functional biomarkers in the disease is explored in depth. A review of the scientific literature demonstrates a strong correlation between detectable signal alterations and progressive demyelinating damage, highlighting the usefulness of these techniques in supporting diagnosis and monitoring, in combination with imaging methods and laboratory analyses.
La Sclerosi Multipla (SM) è una malattia autoimmune cronica del sistema nervoso centrale che colpisce 2.8 milioni di persone nel mondo, con un’incidenza doppia nelle donne rispetto agli uomini. Caratterizzata da demielinizzazione e infiammazione, determina una progressiva disabilità, spesso esordendo tra i 20 e i 40 anni. Provoca un’alterazione della trasmissione lungo le vie sensoriali e motorie: in questo contesto, i potenziali evocati rappresentano uno strumento diagnostico e di monitoraggio di particolare rilevanza, in quanto consentono una valutazione funzionale e non invasiva dell’integrità delle vie nervose. Il presente lavoro analizza il ruolo dei potenziali evocati multimodali, ossia ottenuti mediante differenti tecniche di stimolazione, nella diagnosi e nel monitoraggio della Sclerosi Multipla. In particolare, l’alterazione della latenza e della morfologia delle risposte elettriche a stimoli specifici è considerata un indicatore di danno demielinizzante. L’elaborato comprende, innanzitutto, una breve revisione dei principi anatomici e fisiologici del sistema nervoso, dando particolare rilievo ai complessi meccanismi elettrici che ne regolano il funzionamento. Inoltre, vengono descritti il sistema sensoriale e motorio, le cui vie di collegamento tra periferia e corteccia cerebrale rappresentano alcuni dei principali siti di rilevazione dei potenziali evocati. In seguito, l’attenzione viene concentrata sui potenziali evocati, nonché sulla strumentazione e le metodologie di acquisizione ed elaborazione del segnale. I tracciati ottenuti, generalmente di debole intensità ed affetti da artefatti di diversa origine, richiedono tecniche di elaborazione basate sulla media (averaging) di più risposte misurate in istanti temporali successivi. Sono stati analizzati separatamente i potenziali evocati visivi (VEP), motori (MEP), uditivi (AEP) e somatosensoriali (SSEP), illustrandone i metodi di stimolazione, le caratteristiche delle forme d’onda ottenute e le principali applicazioni cliniche. Infine, dopo un inquadramento clinico e fisiopatologico della Sclerosi Multipla, viene approfondito il ruolo dei potenziali evocati multimodali come biomarcatori funzionali nella malattia. Dall’analisi della letteratura scientifica emerge una solida correlazione tra le alterazioni registrabili nei segnali ed il progressivo danno demielinizzante, evidenziando l’utilità di tali tecniche nel supportare la diagnosi ed il monitoraggio della patologia, in integrazione con metodiche di imaging ed analisi laboratoristiche.
Metodi di analisi dei potenziali evocati multimodali ed applicazioni nella diagnosi e nel monitoraggio della Sclerosi Multipla
BAZZAN, GIADA
2025/2026
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system affecting approximately 2.8 million people worldwide, with an incidence approximately two times higher in women than in men. Characterized by demyelination and inflammation, it leads to progressive disability, often with onset between the ages of 20 and 40. The disease disrupts signal transmission along sensory and motor pathways: in this context, evoked potentials represent a particularly valuable diagnostic and monitoring tool, as they allow a functional and non-invasive assessment of neural conduction integrity. This work examines the role of multimodal evoked potentials—obtained through different stimulation techniques—in the diagnosis and monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis. In particular, alterations in the latency and morphology of electrical responses to specific stimuli are considered indicators of demyelinating damage. The thesis first provides a brief review of the anatomical and physiological principles of the nervous system, with particular emphasis on the complex electrical mechanisms underlying its function. Furthermore, the sensory and motor systems are described, focusing on the pathways connecting the periphery to the cerebral cortex, as these constitute major sites for evoked potential recording. Subsequently, the focus shifts to evoked potentials, as well as on the instrumentation and methodologies used for signal acquisition and processing. The recorded signals, which are generally low in amplitude and affected by artifacts of various origins, require processing techniques based on averaging multiple responses measured over successive trials. Visual (VEP), motor (MEP), auditory (AEP), and somatosensory (SSEP) evoked potentials are analyzed separately, illustrating their stimulation methods, waveform characteristics, and main clinical applications. Finally, after outlining the clinical and pathophysiological framework of Multiple Sclerosis, the role of multimodal evoked potentials as functional biomarkers in the disease is explored in depth. A review of the scientific literature demonstrates a strong correlation between detectable signal alterations and progressive demyelinating damage, highlighting the usefulness of these techniques in supporting diagnosis and monitoring, in combination with imaging methods and laboratory analyses.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110795