The use of plant protection products still represents an essential tool to ensure crop protection and yield of agricultural systems. However, the increasing attention paid to environmental protection, operator safety and the reduction of exposure of non-target areas requires an increasingly rational, controlled and efficient use of sprayers. Among the most critical phenomena associated with the distribution of plant protection products is spray drift, which is closely related to the characteristics of the droplet population, environmental conditions and, in air-assisted sprayers, to the way in which the airflow interacts with the sprayed mixture. In this context, the only evaluation of flow rate or operating pressure is not sufficient to describe the actual behavior of the machine, since treatment quality depends on the combined action of droplet formation, their transport through space and the distribution of the aerodynamic flow. The aim of this thesis was to carry out the aerodynamic and droplet population characterization of a reference sprayer, specifically the Bertoni Arcobaleno 2TR200, with particular attention to the interaction between air and spray. The experimental activity was based on the use of an integrated test bench, capable of combining airflow measurements with optical measurements of the droplet population. Air characterization was performed using a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, in order to measure not only the resultant velocity, but also its components and the direction of the flow. This approach made it possible to describe better the aerodynamic behavior of the machine, going beyond a simple point measurement and allowing the spatial distribution of air within the operating area of the test to be interpreted. At the same time, the droplet population was analyzed using an optical system capable of measuring parameters such as mean diameter, volume median diameter, mean velocity, maximum velocity and droplet direction. The tests carried out on the Bertoni Arcobaleno sprayer showed that the airflow has a spatially non-uniform structure, characterized by differences between the various measurement sections and by directional components that do not always correspond to a simple frontal projection. Vector analysis made it possible to identify areas with different flow intensity and orientation, confirming the need to consider air as a three-dimensional phenomenon rather than as a single and univocal parameter. This variability is particularly relevant because it can affect droplet transport differently depending on spatial position, measurement height and distance from the machine. The comparison with the data relating to the droplet population allowed the behavior of the spray to be interpreted in greater detail. The results therefore highlight the usefulness of the integrated test bench as a tool for describing sprayer operation in a way that is more consistent with real operating conditions. The possibility of combining airflow maps and droplet population maps makes it possible to identify the areas where transport is most effective, the zones potentially most exposed to drift and any critical aspects related to machine adjustment. This approach may represent important support both for sprayer calibration and for the development of more advanced inspection procedures, aimed not only at verifying the correct operation of individual components, but also at assessing the overall quality of spray distribution. Part of the work also considered the use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) valves as a technology for flow-rate modulation through variation of the nozzle opening time. The dedicated tests had a complementary role with respect to the main characterization of air–droplet interaction but made it possible to introduce an additional element of interest for the future development of sprayers.
L’impiego dei prodotti fitosanitari rappresenta ancora oggi uno strumento indispensabile per garantire la difesa delle colture agrarie e la stabilità produttiva dei sistemi agricoli. Tuttavia, la crescente attenzione verso la tutela dell’ambiente, la sicurezza degli operatori e la riduzione dell’esposizione delle aree non bersaglio rende necessario un impiego sempre più razionale, controllato ed efficiente delle macchine irroratrici. Tra i fenomeni più critici associati alla distribuzione dei prodotti fitosanitari vi è la deriva, strettamente legata alle caratteristiche della popolazione di gocce, alle condizioni ambientali e, nelle irroratrici aeroassistite, alle modalità con cui il flusso d’aria interagisce con la miscela irrorata. In questo contesto, la sola valutazione della portata o della pressione di esercizio non risulta sufficiente a descrivere il comportamento reale della macchina, poiché la qualità del trattamento dipende dall’azione combinata tra formazione delle gocce, loro trasporto nello spazio e distribuzione del flusso aerodinamico. Il presente lavoro di tesi ha avuto come obiettivo la caratterizzazione aerodinamica e della popolazione di gocce di un’irroratrice di riferimento, nello specifico Bertoni Arcobaleno 2TR200, con particolare attenzione all’interazione tra aria e spray. L’attività sperimentale è stata impostata mediante l’impiego di un banco prova integrato, in grado di associare misure relative al flusso d’aria e rilievi ottici della popolazione di gocce. La caratterizzazione dell’aria è stata eseguita mediante anemometro ultrasonico tridimensionale, così da rilevare non solo la velocità risultante, ma anche le sue componenti e la direzione del flusso. Questo approccio ha consentito di descrivere in modo più completo il comportamento aerodinamico della macchina, superando una semplice lettura puntuale e permettendo di interpretare la distribuzione dell’aria nello spazio operativo della prova. Parallelamente, la popolazione di gocce è stata analizzata mediante un sistema ottico, capace di rilevare parametri quali diametro medio, diametro mediano volumetrico, velocità media, velocità massima e direzione delle gocce. Le prove condotte sull’irroratrice Bertoni Arcobaleno hanno evidenziato come il flusso d’aria presenti una struttura spazialmente non uniforme, caratterizzata da differenze tra le varie sezioni di rilievo e da componenti direzionali non sempre coincidenti con una semplice proiezione frontale. L’analisi vettoriale ha permesso di osservare zone con diversa intensità e diverso orientamento del flusso, confermando la necessità di considerare l’aria come un fenomeno tridimensionale e non come un parametro univoco. Questa variabilità risulta particolarmente rilevante perché può condizionare il trasporto delle gocce in modo diverso a seconda della posizione nello spazio, della quota di rilievo e della distanza dalla macchina. Il confronto con i dati relativi alla popolazione di gocce ha consentito di interpretare in modo più approfondito il comportamento dello spray. Dalle elaborazioni emerge quindi l’utilità del banco prova integrato come strumento per descrivere il funzionamento dell’irroratrice in modo più aderente alla realtà operativa. La possibilità di associare mappe del flusso d’aria e mappe della popolazione di gocce consente di individuare le aree in cui il trasporto risulta più efficace, le zone potenzialmente più esposte a dispersione e le eventuali criticità legate alla regolazione della macchina. Tale approccio può rappresentare un supporto importante sia per la taratura delle irroratrici sia per lo sviluppo di procedure di controllo più avanzate, orientate non soltanto alla verifica del corretto funzionamento dei componenti, ma anche alla valutazione della qualità complessiva della distribuzione.
CARATTERIZZAZIONE DELLA POPOLAZIONE DI GOCCE MEDIANTE BANCO PROVA INTEGRATO E ANALISI DELL’EFFETTO DI VALVOLE PWM
SELLAN, VITTORIO
2025/2026
Abstract
The use of plant protection products still represents an essential tool to ensure crop protection and yield of agricultural systems. However, the increasing attention paid to environmental protection, operator safety and the reduction of exposure of non-target areas requires an increasingly rational, controlled and efficient use of sprayers. Among the most critical phenomena associated with the distribution of plant protection products is spray drift, which is closely related to the characteristics of the droplet population, environmental conditions and, in air-assisted sprayers, to the way in which the airflow interacts with the sprayed mixture. In this context, the only evaluation of flow rate or operating pressure is not sufficient to describe the actual behavior of the machine, since treatment quality depends on the combined action of droplet formation, their transport through space and the distribution of the aerodynamic flow. The aim of this thesis was to carry out the aerodynamic and droplet population characterization of a reference sprayer, specifically the Bertoni Arcobaleno 2TR200, with particular attention to the interaction between air and spray. The experimental activity was based on the use of an integrated test bench, capable of combining airflow measurements with optical measurements of the droplet population. Air characterization was performed using a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, in order to measure not only the resultant velocity, but also its components and the direction of the flow. This approach made it possible to describe better the aerodynamic behavior of the machine, going beyond a simple point measurement and allowing the spatial distribution of air within the operating area of the test to be interpreted. At the same time, the droplet population was analyzed using an optical system capable of measuring parameters such as mean diameter, volume median diameter, mean velocity, maximum velocity and droplet direction. The tests carried out on the Bertoni Arcobaleno sprayer showed that the airflow has a spatially non-uniform structure, characterized by differences between the various measurement sections and by directional components that do not always correspond to a simple frontal projection. Vector analysis made it possible to identify areas with different flow intensity and orientation, confirming the need to consider air as a three-dimensional phenomenon rather than as a single and univocal parameter. This variability is particularly relevant because it can affect droplet transport differently depending on spatial position, measurement height and distance from the machine. The comparison with the data relating to the droplet population allowed the behavior of the spray to be interpreted in greater detail. The results therefore highlight the usefulness of the integrated test bench as a tool for describing sprayer operation in a way that is more consistent with real operating conditions. The possibility of combining airflow maps and droplet population maps makes it possible to identify the areas where transport is most effective, the zones potentially most exposed to drift and any critical aspects related to machine adjustment. This approach may represent important support both for sprayer calibration and for the development of more advanced inspection procedures, aimed not only at verifying the correct operation of individual components, but also at assessing the overall quality of spray distribution. Part of the work also considered the use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) valves as a technology for flow-rate modulation through variation of the nozzle opening time. The dedicated tests had a complementary role with respect to the main characterization of air–droplet interaction but made it possible to introduce an additional element of interest for the future development of sprayers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110836