This thesis investigates Grassmann varieties from the perspective of multilinear algebra and projective geometry, emphasizing the deep relationship between algebraic structures and geometric properties. Its main objective is to show how Grassmannians, which parametrize linear subspaces of fixed dimension in a vector space, can be described as projective algebraic varieties through the language of tensors and exterior algebra. After reviewing the necessary background in linear algebra and projective geometry, the thesis develops the theory of tensor products, tensor algebras, and exterior algebras, introducing the fundamental tools required to represent linear subspaces by decomposable exterior tensors. These constructions naturally lead to the Plücker embedding and the Grassmann–Plücker equations, which provide an algebraic characterization of Grassmannians as projective varieties. Particular attention is devoted to Klein varieties, illustrating the interaction between multilinear algebra and projective geometry through an explicit family of projective algebraic varieties. The final part of the thesis is devoted to Schubert calculus. After introducing the cellular decomposition of Grassmannians by means of Schubert varieties, the thesis presents the main intersection-theoretic tools, with particular emphasis on reduction formulas and Pieri's formula. These results provide effective methods for solving classical problems in enumerative geometry while illustrating the historical development of Schubert calculus from an intuitive computational technique to a rigorous theory grounded in modern algebraic geometry.
Questa tesi studia le varietà di Grassmann dal punto di vista dell'algebra multilineare e della geometria proiettiva, evidenziando il profondo legame tra strutture algebriche e proprietà geometriche. L'obiettivo principale è mostrare come le Grassmanniane, che parametrizzano i sottospazi lineari di dimensione fissata di uno spazio vettoriale, possano essere descritte come varietà algebriche proiettive attraverso il formalismo dei tensori e dell'algebra esterna. Dopo un richiamo ai principali strumenti di algebra lineare e geometria proiettiva, vengono sviluppati il prodotto tensoriale, l'algebra tensoriale e l'algebra esterna, introducendo le proprietà fondamentali che permettono di rappresentare i sottospazi lineari mediante elementi decomponibili delle potenze esterne. Su queste basi vengono costruiti il Plücker embedding e le equazioni di Grassmann–Plücker, che forniscono una caratterizzazione algebrica delle Grassmanniane all'interno di opportuni spazi proiettivi. Viene inoltre analizzato il caso delle varietà di Klein come esempio significativo dell'interazione tra geometria proiettiva e algebra multilineare. L'ultima parte della tesi è dedicata al calcolo di Schubert. Dopo aver introdotto la decomposizione cellulare delle Grassmanniane tramite le varietà di Schubert, vengono presentati i principali strumenti dell'intersezione, con particolare attenzione alle formule di riduzione e alla formula di Pieri. Questi risultati consentono di affrontare problemi classici di geometria enumerativa attraverso un approccio rigoroso, mettendo in evidenza l'evoluzione del calcolo di Schubert da metodo intuitivo a teoria fondata sugli strumenti dell'algebra e della geometria moderna.
Geometrie di Grassmann e Calcolo di Schubert - dai Tensori al Calcolo di Schubert
DI BENEDETTO, FRANCESCO ROMANO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates Grassmann varieties from the perspective of multilinear algebra and projective geometry, emphasizing the deep relationship between algebraic structures and geometric properties. Its main objective is to show how Grassmannians, which parametrize linear subspaces of fixed dimension in a vector space, can be described as projective algebraic varieties through the language of tensors and exterior algebra. After reviewing the necessary background in linear algebra and projective geometry, the thesis develops the theory of tensor products, tensor algebras, and exterior algebras, introducing the fundamental tools required to represent linear subspaces by decomposable exterior tensors. These constructions naturally lead to the Plücker embedding and the Grassmann–Plücker equations, which provide an algebraic characterization of Grassmannians as projective varieties. Particular attention is devoted to Klein varieties, illustrating the interaction between multilinear algebra and projective geometry through an explicit family of projective algebraic varieties. The final part of the thesis is devoted to Schubert calculus. After introducing the cellular decomposition of Grassmannians by means of Schubert varieties, the thesis presents the main intersection-theoretic tools, with particular emphasis on reduction formulas and Pieri's formula. These results provide effective methods for solving classical problems in enumerative geometry while illustrating the historical development of Schubert calculus from an intuitive computational technique to a rigorous theory grounded in modern algebraic geometry.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111020