This document aims to analyze the creation and development of the Italian National Health Service (NHS), and the difficult balance currently observed between the protection of a collective interest and the freedom of private economic initiative. The first chapter describes the founding principles of the Italian National Health Service (SSN). Health is protected in its broader, holistic dimension, and the system is intended to guarantee everyone free access to healthcare without any form of discrimination, while respecting the dignity of every human being. The implementation of this universal and egalitarian system encountered numerous difficulties of various kinds from the very establishment of the Republic. The end of a national unity government led to a failure to reach an agreement on the issue, leaving the previous mutual insurance-based system—structured around the type of employment contract—unchanged. The financial crisis of the mutual insurance institutions, together with shifting political coalitions, ultimately led to Law No. 833/1978, which formally established the SSN on a constitutional basis. The rise of neoliberal logic at the international level, combined with high public debt and the expansion of powers granted to the Regions, gradually led to greater openness toward private groups operating in the healthcare sector. Regional administrative difficulties, strict budgetary constraints, and a long-standing underfunding of the public healthcare sector have seen the accredited and private sector shift from a complementary role to a dominant one. The increasing number of services entrusted to private providers has led public opinion to question whether Italy is moving toward a second, privately based welfare system. The heterogeneity of regional governance forces many patients to travel in search of care and, for those who cannot afford to do so, to forgo treatment altogether. The concluding section of this paper seeks to assess whether the new legislative measures and the funds allocated under PNRR Mission 6 can lead to a reorganization of the system or whether they will result in a definitive departure from the constitutional framework, with significant consequences for the economic sustainability and social equity of this dual system.
Questo documento vuole analizzare la creazione e lo sviluppo del Sistema Sanitario Nazionale italiano, e il difficile bilanciamento cui oggi si assiste tra tutela di un interesse collettivo, e libertà di iniziativa economica privata. Nel primo capitolo vengono descritti i principi ispiratori del SSN, la Salute viene tutelata nella sua dimensione globale, deve garantire a ciascuno il libero accesso alle cure senza alcuna distinzione, nel rispetto della dignità di ogni persona umana. L’ implementazione di questo sistema universalistico ed egualitario incontrò molte difficoltà di varia natura, fin dall’ istituzione della Repubblica. Il venir meno di un governo di alleanza nazionale causò il mancato accordo sul tema, lasciando così inalterato il precedente sistema mutualistico basato sulla tipologia di contratto lavorativo. La crisi finanziaria degli enti mutualistici e le mutate coalizioni, portarono alla legge 833/1978, che istituiva formalmente il SSN su base costituzionale. L’ affermarsi sul piano internazionale della logica neoliberista, unita all’ elevato deficit pubblico e all’ aumento delle potestà in capo alle Regioni, portarono a una progressiva fase di apertura ai gruppi privati attivi in ambito sanitario. Le difficoltà amministrative regionali, vincoli stringenti di bilancio e uno storico definanziamento al settore sanitario pubblico, hanno visto passare il settore accreditato e privato da un ruolo integrativo a dominante. Le sempre maggiori prestazioni loro affidate, porta l’ opinione pubblica a chiedersi se non si stia passando a un sistema di secondo welfare di carattere privato, l’eterogeneità delle governance regionali porta molti pazienti a doversi spostare, e, per chi non può permetterselo, a rinunciare alle cure. La parte conclusiva dell’elaborato vuole valutare se i nuovi atti normativi e i fondi del PNRR 6 possono portare a una riorganizzazione del Sistema o, se porteranno al definitivo allontanamento dal dettato Costituzionale, con rilevanti conseguenze sulla sostenibilità economica, ed equità sociale di questo doppio sistema.
Dall' Articolo 32 della costituzione a un universalismo diseguale. Evoluzione del SSN, effetti sul Diritto alla salute ed accesso alle cure.
BORTOLUZZO, EMMA ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
This document aims to analyze the creation and development of the Italian National Health Service (NHS), and the difficult balance currently observed between the protection of a collective interest and the freedom of private economic initiative. The first chapter describes the founding principles of the Italian National Health Service (SSN). Health is protected in its broader, holistic dimension, and the system is intended to guarantee everyone free access to healthcare without any form of discrimination, while respecting the dignity of every human being. The implementation of this universal and egalitarian system encountered numerous difficulties of various kinds from the very establishment of the Republic. The end of a national unity government led to a failure to reach an agreement on the issue, leaving the previous mutual insurance-based system—structured around the type of employment contract—unchanged. The financial crisis of the mutual insurance institutions, together with shifting political coalitions, ultimately led to Law No. 833/1978, which formally established the SSN on a constitutional basis. The rise of neoliberal logic at the international level, combined with high public debt and the expansion of powers granted to the Regions, gradually led to greater openness toward private groups operating in the healthcare sector. Regional administrative difficulties, strict budgetary constraints, and a long-standing underfunding of the public healthcare sector have seen the accredited and private sector shift from a complementary role to a dominant one. The increasing number of services entrusted to private providers has led public opinion to question whether Italy is moving toward a second, privately based welfare system. The heterogeneity of regional governance forces many patients to travel in search of care and, for those who cannot afford to do so, to forgo treatment altogether. The concluding section of this paper seeks to assess whether the new legislative measures and the funds allocated under PNRR Mission 6 can lead to a reorganization of the system or whether they will result in a definitive departure from the constitutional framework, with significant consequences for the economic sustainability and social equity of this dual system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Bortoluzzo Emma Elisa tesi (1).pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111193