In 2019, Chile witnessed one of the most significant social mobilizations in its history. What began as a protest against metro fare hikes rapidly evolved into a nationwide manifestation of dissent against the neoliberal economic system inherited from the Pinochet dictatorship. Following months of widespread unrest – marked by violent clashes and allegations of human rights violations by state forces – the political elite agreed to draft a new constitution. However, this institutional process ultimately resulted in the rejection of two successive proposals in 2022 and 2023. This thesis investigates the root causes of the uprising, specifically focusing on deep-seated socio-economic inequalities and the authoritarian origins of the 1980 Constitution. Furthermore, it analyzes the content of the rejected constitutional drafts and the factors that led to their failure. By comparing multiple indexes measuring democracy and the rule of law, the research evaluates the short and long-term effects of this prolonged political crisis on the Chilean institutional framework, which eventually weakened from 2019 and throughout the years. The study adopts a qualitative, document-based research approach, synthesizing academic literature, official legal documents, and reports from international governmental and non-governmental organizations, supplemented by an analysis of multimedia primary sources.
Nel 2019, il Cile è stato testimone di una delle più significative mobilitazioni sociali della sua storia. Quella che era iniziata come una protesta contro l'aumento delle tariffe della metropolitana si è rapidamente evoluta in una manifestazione di dissenso a livello nazionale contro il sistema economico neoliberista ereditato dalla dittatura di Pinochet. In seguito a mesi di diffusi disordini – contrassegnati da violenti scontri e accuse di violazioni dei diritti umani da parte delle forze statali – l'élite politica ha accettato di redigere una nuova costituzione. Tuttavia, questo processo istituzionale si è risolto nel rifiuto di due successive proposte nel 2022 e nel 2023. Questa tesi indaga le cause profonde della rivolta, concentrandosi in modo specifico sulle radicate disuguaglianze socio-economiche e sulle origini autoritarie della Costituzione del 1980. Inoltre, analizza il contenuto delle bozze costituzionali respinte e i fattori che hanno portato al loro fallimento. Confrontando molteplici indici che misurano la democrazia e lo stato di diritto, la ricerca valuta gli effetti a breve e lungo termine di questa prolungata crisi politica sul quadro istituzionale cileno, il quale ha finito per indebolirsi a partire dal 2019 e nel corso degli anni successivi. Lo studio adotta un approccio di ricerca qualitativo e basato sull'analisi documentale, sintetizzando la letteratura accademica, i documenti giuridici ufficiali e i rapporti di organizzazioni internazionali governative e non governative, integrati dall'analisi di fonti primarie multimediali.
“Chile Despertó”: The Causes of the 2019 Social Outburst (Estallido Social) and its Effects on Chilean Democracy
FALCIONI, TERESA
2025/2026
Abstract
In 2019, Chile witnessed one of the most significant social mobilizations in its history. What began as a protest against metro fare hikes rapidly evolved into a nationwide manifestation of dissent against the neoliberal economic system inherited from the Pinochet dictatorship. Following months of widespread unrest – marked by violent clashes and allegations of human rights violations by state forces – the political elite agreed to draft a new constitution. However, this institutional process ultimately resulted in the rejection of two successive proposals in 2022 and 2023. This thesis investigates the root causes of the uprising, specifically focusing on deep-seated socio-economic inequalities and the authoritarian origins of the 1980 Constitution. Furthermore, it analyzes the content of the rejected constitutional drafts and the factors that led to their failure. By comparing multiple indexes measuring democracy and the rule of law, the research evaluates the short and long-term effects of this prolonged political crisis on the Chilean institutional framework, which eventually weakened from 2019 and throughout the years. The study adopts a qualitative, document-based research approach, synthesizing academic literature, official legal documents, and reports from international governmental and non-governmental organizations, supplemented by an analysis of multimedia primary sources.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111221