This thesis examines the transition toward a form of institutionalized vulnerability caused by emergency security policies that profoundly reshape the penitentiary system. Its objective is to investigate the balance between the State’s punitive power and respect for human dignity, highlighting how the intensification of control can transform detention into a form of systemic fragility. The first part of the research focuses on the theoretical dimension of vulnerability, understood not as a personal defect or an individual characteristic, but as a structural and situational condition produced by institutions themselves, beginning with the prison system. It explores the non-derogable duty of State authority as guarantor of human dignity and of the “residual freedom” that belongs to every individual deprived of personal liberty. The second part adopts the model of the Republic of El Salvador as a case study, focusing on the strategy to combat the maras launched under the presidency of Nayib Bukele through the régimen de excepción. In this context, the thesis analyzes the transformation of the state of emergency from an exceptional and temporary measure into an ordinary instrument of governance, concentrating on the systematic suspension of constitutional and international rights considered non-derogable. The third part specifically examines the reality of El Salvador's prison, revealing how the exacerbation of securitarian logic and containment policies leads to the annihilation of the detainee’s identity and corporeality. Finally, the thesis describes the paradox of a State that, instead of guaranteeing rights, becomes a producer of fragility, offering a critical reflection on the inviolable limits of the punitive power of the rule of law.
Il presente lavoro di tesi analizza la transizione verso una forma di vulnerabilità istituzionalizzata, causata da politiche di sicurezza emergenziali che modificano profondamente il sistema penitenziario. L'obiettivo è quello di indagare l’equilibrio tra il potere punitivo dello Stato e il rispetto della dignità umana, evidenziando come l'inasprimento del controllo possa trasformare la detenzione in una fragilità sistematica. La prima parte della ricerca si focalizza sulla dimensione teorica della vulnerabilità, intesa non come un difetto personale o una caratteristica individuale, ma come una condizione strutturale e situazionale prodotto dalle istituzioni stesse, a partire dal carcere. Viene esaminato il dovere inderogabile dell'autorità statale in quanto garante della dignità umana e di quel "residuo di libertà" spettante a ogni individuo privato della libertà personale. La seconda parte assume come caso di studio il modello della Repubblica di El Salvador, focalizzandosi sulla strategia di contrasto alle maras avviata sotto la presidenza di Nayib Bukele attraverso il régimen de excepción. In questo contesto, si analizza il passaggio dello stato di emergenza da misura eccezionale e temporanea a regola ordinaria di governo, concentrandosi sulla sistematica deroga dei diritti costituzionali e internazionali considerati inderogabili. La terza parte si concentra specificamente sulla descrizione della realtà carceraria salvadoregna, svelando come l’esasperazione della logica securitaria e del contenimento conducano all'annullamento identitario e corporeo del detenuto. Il lavoro descrive, infine , il paradosso di uno Stato che da garante dei diritti si tramuta in produttore di fragilità, offrendo una riflessione critica sui limiti invalicabili del potere punitivo dello Stato di diritto.
La vulnerabilità istituzionalizzata: l'impatto dello stato di emergenza sul sistema carcerario di El Salvador
GARBARINO, FEDERICA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the transition toward a form of institutionalized vulnerability caused by emergency security policies that profoundly reshape the penitentiary system. Its objective is to investigate the balance between the State’s punitive power and respect for human dignity, highlighting how the intensification of control can transform detention into a form of systemic fragility. The first part of the research focuses on the theoretical dimension of vulnerability, understood not as a personal defect or an individual characteristic, but as a structural and situational condition produced by institutions themselves, beginning with the prison system. It explores the non-derogable duty of State authority as guarantor of human dignity and of the “residual freedom” that belongs to every individual deprived of personal liberty. The second part adopts the model of the Republic of El Salvador as a case study, focusing on the strategy to combat the maras launched under the presidency of Nayib Bukele through the régimen de excepción. In this context, the thesis analyzes the transformation of the state of emergency from an exceptional and temporary measure into an ordinary instrument of governance, concentrating on the systematic suspension of constitutional and international rights considered non-derogable. The third part specifically examines the reality of El Salvador's prison, revealing how the exacerbation of securitarian logic and containment policies leads to the annihilation of the detainee’s identity and corporeality. Finally, the thesis describes the paradox of a State that, instead of guaranteeing rights, becomes a producer of fragility, offering a critical reflection on the inviolable limits of the punitive power of the rule of law.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111229