This thesis analyzes the structural asymmetry characterizing the media representation of humanitarian crises within the global public sphere, exploring the factors that drive the hyper-visibility of certain conflicts while relegating other tragedies of equal or greater severity to editorial oblivion. Starting from the core research question regarding what defines a life as "grievable," the study investigates the intrinsic link between the geopolitical agenda of Western nations, the news values governing traditional and digital media, and the distortions caused by the so-called "affective politics." Methodologically, the research combines an interdisciplinary theoretical framework (encompassing political science, media sociology, philosophy, and human rights) with the discussion of both historical and contemporary empirical data. Chapter I establishes the theoretical groundwork by drawing on Nicole Curato’s studies on deliberative democracy in post-disaster settings, introducing the concepts of the "hierarchy of misery" and "selective empathy," while examining the tensions between the ethics of silence and the ethics of voice. Chapter II tests these theoretical assumptions through empirical validation: it first evaluates the study by Olsen, Carstensen, and Høyen (2003) on the CNN Effect and the influence of donor strategic interests and NGO lobbying by comparing the Balkans and sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis is then updated using the Humanitarian Crisis Coverage Report (2025) by the Media and Journalism Research Center (MJRC), which highlights radical disparities in coverage volume and editorial sentiment between hyper-visible conflicts (Gaza and Ukraine) and marginalized crises (Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the gender apartheid in Afghanistan). This section also problematizes the simplistic "victim-aggressor" binary framing that often obscures the complexity of internal political dynamics, proposing Johan Galtung’s "peace journalism" model as an alternative. Finally, Chapter III offers a comprehensive ethical reflection based on the historical case of Kevin Carter’s 1993 photograph "The Vulture and the Little Girl." Employed as an archetype of a "spectacular tragedy," the study traces its genesis to uncover the psychological mechanisms and ethical responsibilities that entangle both media narrative structures and the global audience. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the distribution of media visibility acts as a dependent variable, responding to structural stimuli that reinforce geopolitical and economic inequalities. In order to rescue human suffering from the consumerist dynamics of the "market of pain," the study emphasizes the urgent need to promote critical thinking toward media content and to foster de-spectacularized narratives capable of restoring dramatic dignity to victims and encouraging genuine civic solidarity.
Il presente lavoro di tesi analizza l'asimmetria che caratterizza la rappresentazione mediatica delle crisi umanitarie nello spazio pubblico globale, esplorando i fattori che determinano l'iper-visibilità di alcuni conflitti e il contemporaneo oblio editoriale di altre tragedie di pari o maggiore gravità. Muovendo dalla domanda di ricerca su cosa definisca una vita come "degna di essere compianta", l'elaborato indaga il legame intrinseco tra l'agenda geopolitica dei Paesi occidentali, i criteri di notiziabilità dei media tradizionali e digitali, e le distorsioni della cosiddetta "politica affettiva". Dal punto di vista metodologico, la ricerca coniuga l'analisi teorica interdisciplinare (scienza politica, sociologia dei media, filosofia e diritti umani) alla discussione di dati empirici più e meno recenti. Il Capitolo I definisce il quadro teorico di riferimento basandosi sugli studi di Nicole Curato relativi alla democrazia deliberativa nei contesti post-catastrofe, introducendo i concetti di "gerarchia della miseria" e "empatia selettiva", ed esaminando le tensioni tra l'etica del silenzio e l'etica della voce. Il Capitolo II mette alla prova tali premesse teoriche attraverso l'analisi di dati empirici: viene inizialmente esaminato lo studio di Olsen, Carstensen e Høyen (2003) sul CNN Effect e sul peso degli interessi strategici dei donatori e delle ONG nel confronto tra i Balcani e l'Africa subsahariana. L’analisi, successivamente, viene attualizzata per mezzo del Humanitarian Crisis Coverage Report (2025) del Media and Journalism Research Center (MJRC), che evidenzia le radicali disparità di copertura e di sentiment editoriale tra crisi iper-visibili (Gaza e Ucraina) e crisi dimenticate (Ciad, Repubblica Democratica del Congo, e l'apartheid di genere in Afghanistan). Nella presente sezione viene inoltre problematizzato l'inquadramento dicotomico "vittima-aggressore", che spesso occulta la complessità delle dinamiche politiche interne, proponendo come alternativa il modello del "giornalismo di pace" di Johan Galtung. Il Capitolo III offre una riflessione etica, con fine sintetico, a partire dal caso storico della fotografia "Il bambino e l'avvoltoio" di Kevin Carter (1993), proposta come archetipo di "tragedia spettacolare", ne si ripercorre la genesi, riscontrando i meccanismi psicologici e di responsabilità etica che coinvolgono i meccanismi di narrazione mediatica ed il suo pubblico globale. In conclusione, la tesi sostiene che la distribuzione della visibilità mediatica sia una variabile dipendente, che risponde a stimoli strutturali che giocano a favore di disuguaglianze geopolitiche ed economiche. Al fine di sottrarre la sofferenza umana alle dinamiche di consumo del mercato del dolore, la tesi evidenzia la necessità di promuovere un pensiero critico verso i contenuti mediatici e narrazioni de-spettacolarizzate, capaci di restituire dignità drammatica alle vittime e di incentivare un'autentica solidarietà civile. .
La Rappresentazione delle Crisi Umanitarie: Gerarchia della Miseria ed Empatia Selettiva
PEPE BOUNAIM, SOPHIE
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the structural asymmetry characterizing the media representation of humanitarian crises within the global public sphere, exploring the factors that drive the hyper-visibility of certain conflicts while relegating other tragedies of equal or greater severity to editorial oblivion. Starting from the core research question regarding what defines a life as "grievable," the study investigates the intrinsic link between the geopolitical agenda of Western nations, the news values governing traditional and digital media, and the distortions caused by the so-called "affective politics." Methodologically, the research combines an interdisciplinary theoretical framework (encompassing political science, media sociology, philosophy, and human rights) with the discussion of both historical and contemporary empirical data. Chapter I establishes the theoretical groundwork by drawing on Nicole Curato’s studies on deliberative democracy in post-disaster settings, introducing the concepts of the "hierarchy of misery" and "selective empathy," while examining the tensions between the ethics of silence and the ethics of voice. Chapter II tests these theoretical assumptions through empirical validation: it first evaluates the study by Olsen, Carstensen, and Høyen (2003) on the CNN Effect and the influence of donor strategic interests and NGO lobbying by comparing the Balkans and sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis is then updated using the Humanitarian Crisis Coverage Report (2025) by the Media and Journalism Research Center (MJRC), which highlights radical disparities in coverage volume and editorial sentiment between hyper-visible conflicts (Gaza and Ukraine) and marginalized crises (Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the gender apartheid in Afghanistan). This section also problematizes the simplistic "victim-aggressor" binary framing that often obscures the complexity of internal political dynamics, proposing Johan Galtung’s "peace journalism" model as an alternative. Finally, Chapter III offers a comprehensive ethical reflection based on the historical case of Kevin Carter’s 1993 photograph "The Vulture and the Little Girl." Employed as an archetype of a "spectacular tragedy," the study traces its genesis to uncover the psychological mechanisms and ethical responsibilities that entangle both media narrative structures and the global audience. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the distribution of media visibility acts as a dependent variable, responding to structural stimuli that reinforce geopolitical and economic inequalities. In order to rescue human suffering from the consumerist dynamics of the "market of pain," the study emphasizes the urgent need to promote critical thinking toward media content and to foster de-spectacularized narratives capable of restoring dramatic dignity to victims and encouraging genuine civic solidarity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111278