One of the most important sources of emissions of greenhouse gases on both a European and world scale is the transport sector; however, in the past decades, only slight changes have been recorded regarding the reduction of emissions in this sector. It is thus necessary to promote the process of decarbonization using the tools provided by technological innovation. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) stand out as leading candidates in this transition, but it is necessary to carefully verify whether their implementation really leads to substantial environmental benefits at a global level. This report aims to analyze, from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective, these technologies, comparing them with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), in order to understand when electrification is genuinely advantageous and, conversely, when other solutions need to be sought. This assessment will reveal the fundamental role played by the energy mix used for electricity production. Moreover, the problems concerning the manufacturing process of electric vehicles will be investigated: although their usage allows for the absence of tailpipe emissions, they generally generate a greater environmental burden than ICEVs production. The analysis then shifts to the Italian context, examining the challenges for the electric conversion of the car fleet. Three major critical issues will be highlighted: the limitations of the national electricity grid, the uneven development of charging infrastructures, and the massive indirect costs associated with the conversion and stationary storage systems. In this context, the role of electro-fuels (e-fuels) in mitigating these infrastructural criticalities will be evaluated. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that electric mobility is not a flawless solution, but rather, it represents a compromise, which, despite having some strengths, is also subject to significant weaknesses that cannot be underestimated, and, if managed properly, may yield remarkable outcomes in the fight against climate change.
Il settore dei trasporti rappresenta una delle principali fonti di emissioni di gas serra in Europa e nel mondo, inoltre negli ultimi decenni ha mostrato progressi solo marginali nella loro riduzione. Risulta dunque fondamentale incentivare il processo di decarbonizzazione attraverso gli strumenti offerti dallo sviluppo tecnologico. I veicoli elettrici a batteria (BEV) si candidano come protagonisti di questa transizione, ma occorre accertarsi che il loro impiego apporti un reale e misurabile beneficio ambientale globale. Questo studio propone un'analisi del ciclo di vita (LCA) di tali tecnologie, confrontandole con quella dei tradizionali veicoli a combustione interna (ICEV), al fine di comprendere in quali condizioni l'elettrificazione risulti realmente vantaggiosa e quando, invece, sia opportuno valutare percorsi alternativi. Dall'analisi emergerà il ruolo centrale del mix energetico attraverso cui l'elettricità viene prodotta. Verranno inoltre esaminati i punti critici legati alla produzione dei veicoli elettrici: sebbene questi garantiscano emissioni nulle allo scarico durante la fase di utilizzo, la loro realizzazione comporta spesso un impatto ambientale superiore rispetto a quella dei motori termici. L'analisi si sposta poi sul contesto italiano, esaminando le sfide per la conversione elettrica del parco auto. Verranno evidenziate tre grandi criticità: i limiti della rete elettrica nazionale, lo sviluppo disomogeneo delle infrastrutture di ricarica e gli ingenti costi indiretti associati alla conversione ed ai sistemi di accumulo stazionari. In questo contesto verrà valutato il ruolo degli elettro carburanti per mitigare tali criticità infrastrutturali. L'elaborato intende evidenziare come la mobilità elettrica non rappresenti una soluzione universale priva di difetti, bensì un compromesso ragionato: un sistema caratterizzato da innegabili punti di forza, ma anche da criticità da non sottovalutare che, se rigorosamente gestite e ottimizzate, potranno condurre a risultati eccellenti nella lotta al cambiamento climatico.
Valutazione degli impatti ambientali legati all'elettrificazione dei trasporti
SALVADOR, NICOLÒ
2025/2026
Abstract
One of the most important sources of emissions of greenhouse gases on both a European and world scale is the transport sector; however, in the past decades, only slight changes have been recorded regarding the reduction of emissions in this sector. It is thus necessary to promote the process of decarbonization using the tools provided by technological innovation. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) stand out as leading candidates in this transition, but it is necessary to carefully verify whether their implementation really leads to substantial environmental benefits at a global level. This report aims to analyze, from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective, these technologies, comparing them with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), in order to understand when electrification is genuinely advantageous and, conversely, when other solutions need to be sought. This assessment will reveal the fundamental role played by the energy mix used for electricity production. Moreover, the problems concerning the manufacturing process of electric vehicles will be investigated: although their usage allows for the absence of tailpipe emissions, they generally generate a greater environmental burden than ICEVs production. The analysis then shifts to the Italian context, examining the challenges for the electric conversion of the car fleet. Three major critical issues will be highlighted: the limitations of the national electricity grid, the uneven development of charging infrastructures, and the massive indirect costs associated with the conversion and stationary storage systems. In this context, the role of electro-fuels (e-fuels) in mitigating these infrastructural criticalities will be evaluated. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that electric mobility is not a flawless solution, but rather, it represents a compromise, which, despite having some strengths, is also subject to significant weaknesses that cannot be underestimated, and, if managed properly, may yield remarkable outcomes in the fight against climate change.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111379