This thesis has analysed the evolution of the international monetary system by examining the complex interplay between the enduring hegemony of the US dollar and the growing de-dollarisation strategies promoted by the BRICS bloc. The study initially defines the dollar as a global infrastructure network underpinned by the ‘exorbitant privilege’ and Triffin’s paradox, elements that guarantee the United States the ability to generate liquidity and offer safe havens for global capital. The research examines the challenge posed by emerging economies to Western financial supremacy, focusing on the creation of sovereign infrastructures aimed at neutralising the centrality of SWIFT. It analyses the effectiveness of new settlement circuits, such as CIPS, and the potential of CBDCs to bypass American servers, thereby ensuring the autonomy of financial flows. The work demonstrates how the transformation of money into a weapon of war has accelerated this transition, pushing the bloc of emerging nations towards a dual strategy: on the one hand, technological innovation in digital payments; on the other, the reaffirmation of tangible assets (gold and commodities) as the foundation of stability. This dynamic outlines a new monetary paradigm that aims to replace the primacy of capital markets with the solidity of real assets. The thesis assesses the feasibility of this process in light of the geopolitical tensions within the BRICS, particularly between India and China, and the phenomenon of the ‘silent erosion’ of foreign exchange reserves. Finally, it outlines the profile of a globally divided infrastructure where the dollar, whilst remaining the central player, assumes the role of a wounded hegemon in an increasingly fragmented system characterised by emerging currency multipolarity.
Il presente lavoro di tesi ha analizzato l’evoluzione del sistema monetario internazionale esaminando la complessa dialettica tra la presistente egemonia del dollaro statunitense e le crescenti strategie di de-dollarizzazione promosse dal blocco BRICS. L’indagine effettuata definisce inizialmente il dollaro come una rete infrastrutturale globale sostenuta dal “privilegio esorbitante” e il paradosso di Triffin, elementi che garantiscono agli Stati Uniti una capacità di generare liquidità e offrire approdi sicuri per i capitali globali. La ricerca indaga la sfida delle economie emergenti al primato finanziario occidentale, concentrandosi sulla creazione di infrastrutture sovrane volte a neutralizzare la centralità di SWIFT. Viene analizzata l'efficacia dei nuovi circuiti di regolamento, come il CIPS, e il potenziale delle CBDC nel bypassare i server americani, garantendo l'autonomia dei flussi finanziari. Il lavoro dimostra come la trasformazione della moneta in strumento bellico abbia accelerato questa transizione, spingendo il blocco dei paesi emergenti verso una strategia duale: da un lato l'innovazione tecnologica dei pagamenti digitali, dall'altro la riaffermazione di asset tangibili (oro e commodity) come fondamento di stabilità. Tale dinamica delinea un nuovo paradigma monetario che punta a sostituire il primato dei mercati dei capitali con la solidità delle risorse reali. La tesi valuta la fattibilità di questo processo alla luce delle frizioni geopolitiche interne ai BRICS, in particolare tra India e Cina, e del fenomeno dell’"erosione silenziosa" delle riserve valutarie. Infine, si delinea il profilo di un ordine globale infrastrutturalmente diviso dove il dollaro, pur rimanendo l’attore centrale, assume il ruolo di egemone ferito in un sistema sempre più frammentato e caratterizzato da un multipolarismo valutario emergente.
DALL’ASCESA DEI BRICS E LA SFIDA ALL’EGEMONIA DEL DOLLARO: PROSPETTIVE DI DE-DOLLARIZZAZIONE NEL SISTEMA INTERNAZIONALE
DANTE, ALICE
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis has analysed the evolution of the international monetary system by examining the complex interplay between the enduring hegemony of the US dollar and the growing de-dollarisation strategies promoted by the BRICS bloc. The study initially defines the dollar as a global infrastructure network underpinned by the ‘exorbitant privilege’ and Triffin’s paradox, elements that guarantee the United States the ability to generate liquidity and offer safe havens for global capital. The research examines the challenge posed by emerging economies to Western financial supremacy, focusing on the creation of sovereign infrastructures aimed at neutralising the centrality of SWIFT. It analyses the effectiveness of new settlement circuits, such as CIPS, and the potential of CBDCs to bypass American servers, thereby ensuring the autonomy of financial flows. The work demonstrates how the transformation of money into a weapon of war has accelerated this transition, pushing the bloc of emerging nations towards a dual strategy: on the one hand, technological innovation in digital payments; on the other, the reaffirmation of tangible assets (gold and commodities) as the foundation of stability. This dynamic outlines a new monetary paradigm that aims to replace the primacy of capital markets with the solidity of real assets. The thesis assesses the feasibility of this process in light of the geopolitical tensions within the BRICS, particularly between India and China, and the phenomenon of the ‘silent erosion’ of foreign exchange reserves. Finally, it outlines the profile of a globally divided infrastructure where the dollar, whilst remaining the central player, assumes the role of a wounded hegemon in an increasingly fragmented system characterised by emerging currency multipolarity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111530