Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a widespread chronic metabolic disease that is continuously increasing worldwide and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic complications. It is characterized by alterations in glucose homeostasis, mainly due to insulin resistance and the progressive dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. In recent years, the growing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM has promoted the development of increasingly innovative therapeutic strategies, aimed not only at glycemic control but also at cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic protection. At the same time, pharmacological and biotechnological research has introduced new therapeutic perspectives through the development of next-generation incretin-based drugs, receptor poly-agonists, RNA-based therapies, and gene and cellular therapies. More specifically, this thesis analyzes conventional therapies based on a glucocentric approach, mainly focused on blood glucose reduction, as well as innovative therapeutic strategies characterized by a multi-organ and multifactorial approach. Particular attention is dedicated to GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, highlighting their beneficial effects on glycemic control, body weight, and cardiovascular and renal protection. The thesis also considers the importance of a holistic and personalized therapeutic approach integrating pharmacological treatment, lifestyle modifications, therapeutic education, and cardiovascular prevention. Finally, attention is focused on the most recent pharmacological and biotechnological developments currently under investigation, including receptor poly-agonists, RNA interference-based therapies, gene therapy, and cellular approaches aimed at restoring β-cell functionality. The aim of this thesis is to provide an updated overview of T2DM treatment, highlighting how the evolution of pathophysiological knowledge has contributed to the development of increasingly effective and innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at improving both prognosis and quality of life in diabetic patients.
Il Diabete Mellito di Tipo 2 (DMT2) è una patologia cronico-metabolica molto diffusa e in costante crescita a livello globale, associata a un elevato rischio di complicanze cardiovascolari, renali e metaboliche. È caratterizzata dalle alterazioni dell’omeostasi glucidica, dovute principalmente a fenomeni di insulino-resistenza e progressiva disfunzione delle cellule β-pancreatiche. Negli ultimi anni, la crescente comprensione dei meccanismi fisiopatologici del DMT2 ha favorito lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche sempre più innovative, orientate non solo al controllo glicemico, ma anche alla protezione cardiovascolare, renale e metabolica del paziente. Parallelamente, la ricerca farmacologica e biotecnologica ha introdotto nuove prospettive terapeutiche con lo sviluppo dei farmaci incretinici di nuova generazione, i poli-agonisti recettoriali, le terapie basate su RNA, terapia genica e cellulare. Più in dettaglio vengono studiate le terapie basate su un approccio glucocentrico, finalizzato prevalentemente alla riduzione della glicemia, e le strategie innovative, caratterizzate da un approccio multi-organo e multifattoriale. Tra queste, particolare attenzione è dedicata agli agonisti del recettore del GLP-1 e agli inibitori del SGLT2, evidenziandone i benefici sul controllo glicemico, sul peso corporeo e sulla protezione cardiovascolare e renale. La tesi prende inoltre in considerazione l’importanza di un approccio terapeutico olistico e personalizzato, che integri terapia farmacologica, modificazioni dello stile di vita, educazione terapeutica e prevenzione cardiovascolare. Infine, attenzione è rivolta ai più recenti sviluppi farmacologici e biotecnologici attualmente in fase di studio come i poli-agonisti recettoriali, le terapie basate su RNA interferente, terapia genica e approcci cellulari finalizzati al ripristino della funzionalità β-cellulare. L’obiettivo è fornire una visione aggiornata della cura del DMT2, evidenziando come l’evoluzione delle conoscenze fisiopatologiche abbia contribuito allo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche sempre più efficaci, innovative, orientate al miglioramento della qualità di vita e della prognosi del paziente diabetico.
Diabete mellito di Tipo 2: basi molecolari e innovazione terapeutica
MICHIELAN, GLORIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a widespread chronic metabolic disease that is continuously increasing worldwide and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic complications. It is characterized by alterations in glucose homeostasis, mainly due to insulin resistance and the progressive dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. In recent years, the growing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM has promoted the development of increasingly innovative therapeutic strategies, aimed not only at glycemic control but also at cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic protection. At the same time, pharmacological and biotechnological research has introduced new therapeutic perspectives through the development of next-generation incretin-based drugs, receptor poly-agonists, RNA-based therapies, and gene and cellular therapies. More specifically, this thesis analyzes conventional therapies based on a glucocentric approach, mainly focused on blood glucose reduction, as well as innovative therapeutic strategies characterized by a multi-organ and multifactorial approach. Particular attention is dedicated to GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, highlighting their beneficial effects on glycemic control, body weight, and cardiovascular and renal protection. The thesis also considers the importance of a holistic and personalized therapeutic approach integrating pharmacological treatment, lifestyle modifications, therapeutic education, and cardiovascular prevention. Finally, attention is focused on the most recent pharmacological and biotechnological developments currently under investigation, including receptor poly-agonists, RNA interference-based therapies, gene therapy, and cellular approaches aimed at restoring β-cell functionality. The aim of this thesis is to provide an updated overview of T2DM treatment, highlighting how the evolution of pathophysiological knowledge has contributed to the development of increasingly effective and innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at improving both prognosis and quality of life in diabetic patients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111599