International law of the sea constitutes the principal normative framework for regulating the use of the oceans and marine resources. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) represents the legal foundation of maritime spatial governance, establishing the principles governing the delimitation of maritime zones, the exercise of state jurisdiction, and the regime applicable to marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. In recent years, this normative framework has been further developed through the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement, aimed at strengthening the protection and sustainable management of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Within this legal context, the People's Republic of China has progressively expanded its maritime projection, emerging as a global actor not only in adjacent seas but also in marine spaces far removed from its immediate geographical setting, such as the Arctic and the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, becoming a subject capable of influencing the very production of international norms. Although not an Arctic state, China officially designates itself a "near-Arctic state" and has developed a strategy of regional presence founded on scientific cooperation, institutional participation, and economic and infrastructural initiatives, including the so-called Polar Silk Road, framed within the Belt and Road Initiative. This research analyses, from a predominantly legal perspective, China's role in the evolution of global ocean governance, focusing on two complementary contexts: Chinese presence in the Arctic region and participation in the multilateral processes that led to the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement. Through the analysis of international law of the sea instruments, Chinese domestic maritime legislation, official government documents, and positions expressed in multilateral negotiating fora, the thesis seeks to assess the extent to which Beijing employs the UNCLOS normative framework and emerging legal instruments as tools for legitimising its presence in global maritime spaces. The research aims to determine whether China's growing participation in international maritime legal regimes contributes to strengthening multilateral ocean governance or, rather, represents a strategy of employing and reinterpreting international law of the sea in support of its own strategic and economic interests, in a context of increasing competition over resources and maritime routes.
Il diritto internazionale del mare costituisce il principale quadro normativo per la regolazione dell'uso degli oceani e delle risorse marine. La Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare (UNCLOS) rappresenta il fondamento giuridico della governance degli spazi marittimi, stabilendo i principi che disciplinano la delimitazione delle zone marittime, l'esercizio delle giurisdizioni statali e il regime delle aree marine al di là della giurisdizione nazionale. Negli ultimi anni, tale quadro normativo è stato ulteriormente sviluppato attraverso l'adozione del BBNJ Agreement, volto a rafforzare la tutela e la gestione sostenibile della biodiversità marina nelle aree di alto mare. All'interno di questo contesto giuridico, la Repubblica Popolare Cinese ha progressivamente ampliato la propria proiezione marittima, emergendo come attore globale non solo nei mari adiacenti, ma anche in spazi marini lontani dal proprio contesto geografico immediato, quali l'Artico e le Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction configurandosi come soggetto capace di influenzare la produzione stessa delle norme internazionali. Pur non essendo uno Stato artico, la Cina si autodefinisce ufficialmente "near-Arctic state" e ha sviluppato una strategia di presenza nella regione fondata su cooperazione scientifica, partecipazione istituzionale e iniziative economiche e infrastrutturali, tra cui la cosiddetta Polar Silk Road, inserita nel quadro della Belt and Road Initiative. La presente ricerca analizza, in una prospettiva prevalentemente giuridica, il ruolo della Cina nell'evoluzione della governance degli spazi marini globali, concentrandosi su due contesti complementari: la presenza cinese nella regione artica e la partecipazione ai processi multilaterali che hanno condotto all'adozione del BBNJ Agreement. Attraverso l'analisi delle norme del diritto internazionale del mare, della legislazione marittima interna cinese, dei documenti ufficiali governativi e delle posizioni espresse nelle sedi negoziali multilaterali, la tesi intende valutare in che misura Pechino utilizzi il quadro normativo dell'UNCLOS e i nuovi strumenti giuridici emergenti come strumenti di legittimazione della propria presenza negli spazi marini globali. L'obiettivo della ricerca è comprendere se la crescente partecipazione cinese ai regimi giuridici marittimi internazionali contribuisca al rafforzamento della governance multilaterale degli oceani oppure rappresenti una strategia volta a utilizzare e reinterpretare il diritto internazionale del mare per sostenere i propri interessi strategici ed economici in un contesto di crescente competizione per risorse e rotte marittime.
La proiezione marittima della Cina tra diritto Internazionale e nuove strategie di Soft Power
D'ANGELO, LUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
International law of the sea constitutes the principal normative framework for regulating the use of the oceans and marine resources. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) represents the legal foundation of maritime spatial governance, establishing the principles governing the delimitation of maritime zones, the exercise of state jurisdiction, and the regime applicable to marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. In recent years, this normative framework has been further developed through the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement, aimed at strengthening the protection and sustainable management of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Within this legal context, the People's Republic of China has progressively expanded its maritime projection, emerging as a global actor not only in adjacent seas but also in marine spaces far removed from its immediate geographical setting, such as the Arctic and the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, becoming a subject capable of influencing the very production of international norms. Although not an Arctic state, China officially designates itself a "near-Arctic state" and has developed a strategy of regional presence founded on scientific cooperation, institutional participation, and economic and infrastructural initiatives, including the so-called Polar Silk Road, framed within the Belt and Road Initiative. This research analyses, from a predominantly legal perspective, China's role in the evolution of global ocean governance, focusing on two complementary contexts: Chinese presence in the Arctic region and participation in the multilateral processes that led to the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement. Through the analysis of international law of the sea instruments, Chinese domestic maritime legislation, official government documents, and positions expressed in multilateral negotiating fora, the thesis seeks to assess the extent to which Beijing employs the UNCLOS normative framework and emerging legal instruments as tools for legitimising its presence in global maritime spaces. The research aims to determine whether China's growing participation in international maritime legal regimes contributes to strengthening multilateral ocean governance or, rather, represents a strategy of employing and reinterpreting international law of the sea in support of its own strategic and economic interests, in a context of increasing competition over resources and maritime routes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111641