This thesis analyses the strategic and political role that the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) and Copernicus programmes have played in establishing the European Union as an autonomous space power, examining the period from the origins of the programme to the current regulatory and institutional framework. The first chapter reconstructs the historical and institutional context in which GMES was born, starting from the Baveno Manifesto of 1998, analysing the key milestones that led to the definition of a European space policy and the progressive involvement of EU institutions in the field of Earth observation. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of Regulation (EU) No 377/2014, which formally establishes the Copernicus programme, examining its institutional architecture, six operational services, the Sentinel satellite fleet and the free and open data policy. Case studies are also presented to illustrate the concrete applications of the programme in the fields of environmental monitoring, emergency management and security. The third chapter addresses the central question of the thesis: why are GMES and Copernicus strategically important for Europe. The analysis shows how, beyond the immediate response linked to environmental monitoring, these programmes form part of Europe's deeper and more structural pursuit of autonomy and independence from other international actors — an aspiration rooted in the post-World War II integration process and cutting across strategic sectors such as energy and space, making GMES and Copernicus fundamental geopolitical instruments for the EU's emergence as an independent global actor.
La presente tesi analizza il ruolo strategico e politico che i programmi GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) e Copernicus hanno rivestito nell'affermazione dell'Unione Europea come potenza spaziale autonoma, esaminando il periodo che va dalle origini del programma fino all'attuale quadro normativo e istituzionale. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce il contesto storico e istituzionale in cui nasce il GMES, a partire dal Manifesto di Baveno del 1998, analizzando le tappe fondamentali che hanno portato alla definizione di una politica spaziale europea e al progressivo coinvolgimento delle istituzioni dell'UE nel settore dell'Osservazione della Terra. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato all'analisi del Regolamento (UE) n. 377/2014, che istituisce formalmente il programma Copernicus, esaminandone l'architettura istituzionale, i sei servizi operativi, la flotta di satelliti Sentinel e la politica dei dati aperti e gratuiti. Vengono inoltre presentati casi studio che illustrano le applicazioni concrete del programma in ambito ambientale, di gestione delle emergenze e di sicurezza. Il terzo capitolo affronta la domanda centrale della tesi: perché GMES e Copernicus sono strategicamente importanti per l'Europa. L'analisi mostra come, al di là della risposta immediata legata al monitoraggio ambientale, questi programmi si inscrivano nella più profonda e strutturale ricerca europea di autonomia e indipendenza dagli altri attori internazionali — un'aspirazione che affonda le radici nel processo di integrazione avviato nel secondo dopoguerra e che attraversa oggi settori strategici come quello energetico e spaziale, rendendo GMES e Copernicus strumenti geopolitici fondamentali per l'affermazione dell'UE come attore globale indipendente.
L'Europa ci osserva: scienza, tecnologia e strategia da GMES a Copernicus (1998-2014)
MEDICI, ANNACHIARA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyses the strategic and political role that the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) and Copernicus programmes have played in establishing the European Union as an autonomous space power, examining the period from the origins of the programme to the current regulatory and institutional framework. The first chapter reconstructs the historical and institutional context in which GMES was born, starting from the Baveno Manifesto of 1998, analysing the key milestones that led to the definition of a European space policy and the progressive involvement of EU institutions in the field of Earth observation. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of Regulation (EU) No 377/2014, which formally establishes the Copernicus programme, examining its institutional architecture, six operational services, the Sentinel satellite fleet and the free and open data policy. Case studies are also presented to illustrate the concrete applications of the programme in the fields of environmental monitoring, emergency management and security. The third chapter addresses the central question of the thesis: why are GMES and Copernicus strategically important for Europe. The analysis shows how, beyond the immediate response linked to environmental monitoring, these programmes form part of Europe's deeper and more structural pursuit of autonomy and independence from other international actors — an aspiration rooted in the post-World War II integration process and cutting across strategic sectors such as energy and space, making GMES and Copernicus fundamental geopolitical instruments for the EU's emergence as an independent global actor.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111643