The construction of underground excavations alters the natural stress state of the rock mass and requires a thorough understanding of its mechanical behaviour. This thesis provides an organic analysis of the geomechanical issues connected with excavation, following the logical thread that links the discontinuities of the rock mass to its mechanical behaviour, the resulting instability mechanisms and, finally, the support and monitoring techniques required to ensure its safety. The starting point is the distinction between rock matrix and discontinuities, the constituent elements of the rock mass. The matrix, characterised by unit weight, strength and deformability, depends on mineralogical composition, texture, degree of alteration, geological history and structure, factors that determine its brittle or ductile behaviour. Discontinuities condition the rock mass through orientation, strength, persistence, spacing, aperture, roughness and infilling, with a mechanical behaviour governed by the shear strength along the joint planes, described by the Barton and Choubey criterion. The main failure criteria for the rock matrix are also reviewed, namely Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown, fundamental for predicting failure behaviour under triaxial conditions. These parameters are synthesised by geomechanical classification systems, empirical tools useful for design: the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) developed by Bieniawski, which integrates matrix strength, RQD, discontinuity spacing and condition, and groundwater presence; the Q-system developed by Barton, based on RQD, joint set number, joint roughness, joint alteration, and reduction factors for water and stress conditions; and the Geological Strength Index (GSI), which qualitatively estimates rock mass strength based on structure and discontinuity surface conditions. The main instability phenomena include roof falls and face instability, related to the detachment of portions of rock mass no longer sustained by the natural arching effect; sliding and toppling of blocks, controlled by the geometry and shear strength of discontinuities; rockburst, the sudden and violent release of elastic energy in massive, competent rock masses subjected to high stress states at depth; and squeezing, a slow and progressive deformation of the cavity typical of weak or altered rocks subjected to high stresses over time. A chapter is dedicated to the influence of water, analysed through the effects of pore pressure on shear strength, water and carbon dioxide infiltration, and phenomena of chemical-physical alteration of the matrix, including swelling. For the characterisation of the rock mass during the design phase, the investigation techniques are described: geological-geomechanical surveying, core drilling, laboratory tests and in situ tests. Support techniques are divided into active techniques, which precompress and bind the rock mass, counteracting sliding and toppling, and passive techniques, which provide progressive support from immediately after excavation through to the service life of the structure. These are complemented by monitoring systems, essential for controlling the deformational behaviour of the rock mass. The safety of underground excavations depends on an integrated approach linking the rock mass, its mechanical behaviour, instability mechanisms and support techniques, a process in which the role of the geologist is irreplaceable.
La realizzazione di opere in sotterraneo altera lo stato tensionale naturale dell'ammasso roccioso e richiede una comprensione approfondita del suo comportamento meccanico. La tesi analizza in modo organico le problematiche geomeccaniche connesse allo scavo, seguendo il filo logico che collega le discontinuità dell'ammasso al suo comportamento meccanico, ai conseguenti meccanismi di instabilità e, infine, alle tecniche di supporto e monitoraggio necessarie a garantirne la sicurezza. Il punto di partenza è la distinzione tra matrice rocciosa e discontinuità, elementi costitutivi dell'ammasso. La matrice, caratterizzata da peso di volume, resistenza e deformabilità, dipende da composizione mineralogica, tessitura, grado di alterazione, storia geologica e struttura, fattori che ne determinano il comportamento fragile o duttile. Le discontinuità condizionano l'ammasso attraverso orientazione, resistenza, continuità, spaziatura, apertura, scabrezza e riempimento, con un comportamento meccanico regolato dalla resistenza al taglio lungo i piani, descritta dal criterio di Barton e Choubey. Vengono richiamati i principali criteri di rottura della matrice, Mohr-Coulomb e Hoek-Brown, fondamentali per prevedere il comportamento a rottura in condizioni triassiali. Questi parametri vengono sintetizzati dai sistemi di classificazione geomeccanica, strumenti empirici utili alla progettazione: il Rock Mass Rating (RMR) di Bieniawski, che integra resistenza della matrice, RQD, spaziatura e condizioni delle discontinuità e presenza d'acqua; il sistema Q di Barton, basato su RQD, numero di famiglie di giunti, rugosità, alterazione e riduzioni per acqua e stato tensionale; e il Geological Strength Index (GSI), che stima qualitativamente la resistenza a partire da struttura e condizioni superficiali delle discontinuità. I principali fenomeni di instabilità comprendono i crolli in volta e l'instabilità del fronte di scavo, legati al distacco di porzioni di ammasso non più sostenute dall'effetto arco naturale; lo scivolamento e il ribaltamento di blocchi, controllati dalla geometria e resistenza al taglio delle discontinuità; il rockburst, rilascio improvviso e violento di energia elastica in ammassi massivi e competenti sottoposti a elevati stati tensionali in profondità; e lo squeezing, deformazione lenta e progressiva della cavità, tipica di rocce deboli o alterate sottoposte a sforzi elevati nel tempo. Un capitolo è dedicato all'influenza dell'acqua, analizzata attraverso gli effetti delle pressioni interstiziali sulla resistenza al taglio, le infiltrazioni di acqua e anidride carbonica, e i fenomeni di alterazione chimico-fisica della matrice, incluso lo swelling. Per la caratterizzazione dell'ammasso in fase progettuale si descrivono le tecniche di indagine: rilievo geologico-geomeccanico, carotaggi, prove di laboratorio e prove in situ. Le tecniche di supporto sono distinte in attive, che precomprimono e uniscono l'ammasso contrastando scivolamento e ribaltamento, e passive, che offrono sostegno progressivo dall'immediato post-scavo fino alla vita utile dell'opera. A queste si affiancano i sistemi di monitoraggio, essenziali per controllare il comportamento deformativo dell'ammasso. La sicurezza delle opere in sotterraneo dipende da un approccio integrato che collega ammasso roccioso, comportamento meccanico, meccanismi di instabilità e tecniche di supporto, in un processo in cui il ruolo del geologo è insostituibile.
Problematiche geomeccaniche nelle opere in sotterraneo
DIDONE', ANDREA
2025/2026
Abstract
The construction of underground excavations alters the natural stress state of the rock mass and requires a thorough understanding of its mechanical behaviour. This thesis provides an organic analysis of the geomechanical issues connected with excavation, following the logical thread that links the discontinuities of the rock mass to its mechanical behaviour, the resulting instability mechanisms and, finally, the support and monitoring techniques required to ensure its safety. The starting point is the distinction between rock matrix and discontinuities, the constituent elements of the rock mass. The matrix, characterised by unit weight, strength and deformability, depends on mineralogical composition, texture, degree of alteration, geological history and structure, factors that determine its brittle or ductile behaviour. Discontinuities condition the rock mass through orientation, strength, persistence, spacing, aperture, roughness and infilling, with a mechanical behaviour governed by the shear strength along the joint planes, described by the Barton and Choubey criterion. The main failure criteria for the rock matrix are also reviewed, namely Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown, fundamental for predicting failure behaviour under triaxial conditions. These parameters are synthesised by geomechanical classification systems, empirical tools useful for design: the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) developed by Bieniawski, which integrates matrix strength, RQD, discontinuity spacing and condition, and groundwater presence; the Q-system developed by Barton, based on RQD, joint set number, joint roughness, joint alteration, and reduction factors for water and stress conditions; and the Geological Strength Index (GSI), which qualitatively estimates rock mass strength based on structure and discontinuity surface conditions. The main instability phenomena include roof falls and face instability, related to the detachment of portions of rock mass no longer sustained by the natural arching effect; sliding and toppling of blocks, controlled by the geometry and shear strength of discontinuities; rockburst, the sudden and violent release of elastic energy in massive, competent rock masses subjected to high stress states at depth; and squeezing, a slow and progressive deformation of the cavity typical of weak or altered rocks subjected to high stresses over time. A chapter is dedicated to the influence of water, analysed through the effects of pore pressure on shear strength, water and carbon dioxide infiltration, and phenomena of chemical-physical alteration of the matrix, including swelling. For the characterisation of the rock mass during the design phase, the investigation techniques are described: geological-geomechanical surveying, core drilling, laboratory tests and in situ tests. Support techniques are divided into active techniques, which precompress and bind the rock mass, counteracting sliding and toppling, and passive techniques, which provide progressive support from immediately after excavation through to the service life of the structure. These are complemented by monitoring systems, essential for controlling the deformational behaviour of the rock mass. The safety of underground excavations depends on an integrated approach linking the rock mass, its mechanical behaviour, instability mechanisms and support techniques, a process in which the role of the geologist is irreplaceable.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111776