Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is a major cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs. The "gold standard" treatment involves stifle stabilization via tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). This surgical technique relies on a corrective osteotomy followed by stabilization using a plate fixed on the medial aspect of the tibia at the metadiaphyseal level. Among the complications associated with this procedure, iatrogenic intra-articular penetration of proximal screws occurs with an incidence of 5–8%. Although postoperative orthogonal radiographs generally allow for the evaluation of correct implant positioning, an excessively proximal placement frequently leads to radiographic ambiguity regarding the most proximal screw. In such cases, identifying intra-articular localization radiographically is highly complex due to the three-dimensional conformation of the lateral tibial plateau. This ex vivo study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the caudocranial projection of the tibia and fibula in identifying whether or not implants, specifically intra-articular screws emerging into the lateral tibial condyle, have penetrated the joint. The study was conducted on an isolated tibia from a Labrador Retriever carcass. Following radiographic and computed tomography (CT) baseline assessments, a TPLO procedure was performed. Subsequently, six holes were drilled into the articular surface of the lateral tibial plateau, representing the six potential sites for iatrogenic emergence of the proximal implant screw. A Kirschner wire was then inserted into each of the six holes at four different protrusion levels relative to the articular cartilage (ranging from −1 mm to +2 mm). Utilizing a dedicated goniometric support, 216 caudocranial projections were acquired by progressively varying the inclination of the bone axis, thereby simulating the potential degrees of joint extension encountered due to operator variability during clinical practice. The images were evaluated in a blinded manner by ten veterinarians with varying degrees of clinical experience. Statistical analysis revealed an overall mean diagnostic accuracy of 77% in detecting implant positioning. The inclination of the X-ray beam, the level of protrusion, and the specific anatomical quadrant examined significantly influenced the observers' identification capacity, whereas observer experience showed no relevance. Placement perfectly flush with the articular surface (0 mm) yielded the lowest accuracy values (63%) due to structural superimposition and radiographic artifacts. However, by establishing targeted, specific angular ranges for each quadrant, diagnostic accuracy exceeded 95%. In conclusion, postoperative diagnostic accuracy strictly depends on the projection geometry rather than the operator's experience. The complex anatomy of the tibial plateau, combined with the structural alterations induced by TPLO, precludes the validity of a single standard projection. In cases of clinical ambiguity regarding screw positioning, the acquisition of multiple, targeted radiographic projections is highly recommended, aiming for perfect tangency between the X-ray beam and the anatomical area of interest.
La rottura del legamento crociato craniale è una delle principali cause di zoppia posteriore del cane. Il trattamento “gold standard” prevede la stabilizzazione del ginocchio mediante intervento di osteotomia livellante del piatto tibiale (TPLO), un’osteotomia correttiva e successiva stabilizzazione mediante placca sul versante mediale tibiale a livello meta diafisario. Tra le complicanze della procedura, la penetrazione intra-articolare iatrogena delle viti prossimali si evidenzia con un'incidenza del 5-8%. Attraverso uno studio radiografico post-operatorio, con proiezioni ortogonali, al fine di valutare la posizione dell’impianto, non è infrequente riscontrare situazioni di dubbio radiografico interpretativo riguardo il posizionamento della vite più prossimale. In questi casi rilevare tale localizzazione radiograficamente risulta complesso a causa della conformazione tridimensionale del piatto tibiale laterale. Il nostro studio ex vivo vuole valutare l’accuratezza dell’interpretazione, mediante proiezione caudo-craniale di tibia e perone, e quindi di riconoscere la penetrazione articolare, o meno, di impianti, viti emergenti intrarticolari, nel condilo tibiale laterale. Lo studio è stato condotto sulla tibia isolata di un Labrador Retriever. Previa valutazione radiografica e approfondimento TC, è stato eseguito un intervento di TPLO e successiva applicazione, sulla superficie articolare del piatto laterale tibiale, di sei fori considerati le possibili sedi di emergenza iatrogena della vite prossimale dell’impianto. In ciascuno di questi è stato quindi inserito un filo di Kirschner a quattro differenti livelli di emergenza rispetto alla cartilagine articolare (da −1 mm a +2 mm). Mediante un supporto goniometrico dedicato, sono state acquisite 216 proiezioni caudo-craniali variando progressivamente l’inclinazione dell’asse tibiale, simulando quindi i possibili gradi di estensione dell’articolazione operatore-dipendenti durante la pratica clinica. Le immagini sono state poi valutate in cieco da dieci medici veterinari con differente esperienza clinica. Mediante valutazione statistica, abbiamo ottenuto un’accuratezza diagnostica media complessiva nel rilevare il posizionamento dell'impianto pari al 77%. L’inclinazione del fascio radiogeno, il livello di protrusione e il quadrante anatomico esaminato hanno influenzato in modo determinante la capacità di identificazione degli osservatori, mentre l'esperienza degli osservatori non ha mostrato alcuna rilevanza. Il posizionamento perfettamente a filo con la superficie articolare (0 mm) ha riscontrato valori di accuratezza più bassi (63%), a causa di sovrapposizioni strutturali e artefatti radiografici. Tuttavia, impostando specifici intervalli angolari mirati per ciascun quadrante, l'accuratezza ha superato il 95%. In conclusione, l'accuratezza diagnostica post-operatoria dipende strettamente dalla geometria della proiezione e non dall'esperienza dell'operatore. La complessa anatomia del piatto tibiale e le modifiche indotte dalla TPLO escludono la validità di un'unica proiezione standard. In caso di dubbi sulla posizione delle viti, si raccomanda l'acquisizione di proiezioni radiografiche multiple e mirate, ricercando la perfetta tangenzialità tra il fascio di raggi X e l'area anatomica d'interesse.
Proiezioni radiografiche multiple per la rilevazione della penetrazione intra-articolare delle viti in corso di osteotomia livellante del piatto tibiale
GUERRINI, EMMA
2025/2026
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is a major cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs. The "gold standard" treatment involves stifle stabilization via tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). This surgical technique relies on a corrective osteotomy followed by stabilization using a plate fixed on the medial aspect of the tibia at the metadiaphyseal level. Among the complications associated with this procedure, iatrogenic intra-articular penetration of proximal screws occurs with an incidence of 5–8%. Although postoperative orthogonal radiographs generally allow for the evaluation of correct implant positioning, an excessively proximal placement frequently leads to radiographic ambiguity regarding the most proximal screw. In such cases, identifying intra-articular localization radiographically is highly complex due to the three-dimensional conformation of the lateral tibial plateau. This ex vivo study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the caudocranial projection of the tibia and fibula in identifying whether or not implants, specifically intra-articular screws emerging into the lateral tibial condyle, have penetrated the joint. The study was conducted on an isolated tibia from a Labrador Retriever carcass. Following radiographic and computed tomography (CT) baseline assessments, a TPLO procedure was performed. Subsequently, six holes were drilled into the articular surface of the lateral tibial plateau, representing the six potential sites for iatrogenic emergence of the proximal implant screw. A Kirschner wire was then inserted into each of the six holes at four different protrusion levels relative to the articular cartilage (ranging from −1 mm to +2 mm). Utilizing a dedicated goniometric support, 216 caudocranial projections were acquired by progressively varying the inclination of the bone axis, thereby simulating the potential degrees of joint extension encountered due to operator variability during clinical practice. The images were evaluated in a blinded manner by ten veterinarians with varying degrees of clinical experience. Statistical analysis revealed an overall mean diagnostic accuracy of 77% in detecting implant positioning. The inclination of the X-ray beam, the level of protrusion, and the specific anatomical quadrant examined significantly influenced the observers' identification capacity, whereas observer experience showed no relevance. Placement perfectly flush with the articular surface (0 mm) yielded the lowest accuracy values (63%) due to structural superimposition and radiographic artifacts. However, by establishing targeted, specific angular ranges for each quadrant, diagnostic accuracy exceeded 95%. In conclusion, postoperative diagnostic accuracy strictly depends on the projection geometry rather than the operator's experience. The complex anatomy of the tibial plateau, combined with the structural alterations induced by TPLO, precludes the validity of a single standard projection. In cases of clinical ambiguity regarding screw positioning, the acquisition of multiple, targeted radiographic projections is highly recommended, aiming for perfect tangency between the X-ray beam and the anatomical area of interest.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111837