Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a fermentative disorder that affects high-producing dairy cows, particularly during early lactation. The onset of a local and systemic inflammatory response is a hallmark of SARA. Although alterations affecting innate immunity associated with this inflammatory state have been partially described, the impact of the pathology on adaptive immunity dynamics remains poorly studied. The main objective of this thesis was to compare the key biochemical parameters and variations in peripheral leukocyte subpopulations with data obtained from continuous reticulo-ruminal pH monitoring in dairy cows. The study involved fifty-five periparturient dairy cows. Each animal was equipped with an indwelling reticulo-ruminal pH sensor for continuous monitoring, and K3EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples were collected at four time points: -5 days prepartum (T0), +5 days (T1), +30 days (T2), and +60 days postpartum (T3). For each sample, a complete biochemical panel was performed, along with an analysis of peripheral leukocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Based on the occurrence and severity of SARA events (defined as pH <5,8 or <5,5 for a duration of ≥300 min/day), the cows were classified into 3 groups: Control (no SARA events recorded from day -5 to day +60), SARA5.8, or SARA5.5 (pH <5,8 and <5,5, for a duration of ≥300 min/day, respectively). For statistical analysis, the Control was considered healthy, while SARA5.8 and SARA5.5 were categorised as diseased. Data were analysed using a linear mixed-effects model including time point, acidosis category (healthy vs. diseased), and their interaction as fixed effects. Post-hoc comparisons were made using estimated marginal means (p<0,05). P-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg False Discovery Rate method. A significant time effect was observed for some leukocyte subsets (p<0,001). Specifically, T helper lymphocytes decreased between T0 and T1 and increased between T2 and T3; γδ T-lymphocytes (WC1+ CD4-) also increased between T2 and T3. Monocytes decreased between T0 and T1. No effects of acidosis category or the time × category interaction were observed. Biochemical profile analysis revealed a significant effect of time for all parameters analyzed (p<0,05), while no differences were found by acidosis category. Time × category interactions were statistically significant for albumin, globulin, total protein, GGT, cholesterol, and calcium (p<0,05), while a trend was observed for PON-1, albumin/globulin ratio, ALP, AST, LDH, magnesium, and urea (p<0,10). These results indicate that the time effect, related to peripartum physiological adaptations, represents the main factor driving variation in the biochemical and immunological parameters analysed. The condition of SARA did not show significant independent effects, but it influenced the temporal course of certain metabolic, hepatic, and protein-inflammatory parameters. These findings suggest a persistent disruption of postpartum homeostasis in subjects affected by this fermentative disorder.
L’acidosi ruminale subacuta (SARA) è un disordine fermentativo che colpisce le bovine ad elevata produzione, specialmente durante la prima fase di lattazione. L’insorgenza di una risposta flogistica, locale e sistemica, rappresenta un tratto distintivo della SARA. Tuttavia, mentre le alterazioni a carico dell’immunità innata legate a questo stato infiammatorio risultano parzialmente descritte, l’impatto della patologia sulle dinamiche dell’immunità adattativa rimane ancora poco studiato. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato comparare i principali parametri biochimici e le variazioni delle sottopopolazioni leucocitarie periferiche con i dati ottenuti dal monitoraggio continuo del pH reticolo-ruminale in bovine da latte. La prova ha coinvolto 55 bovine di razza Frisona Italiana. A ciascun animale è stato inserito un bolo ruminale per il monitoraggio continuo del pH reticolo-ruminale e sono stati prelevati campioni di sangue in quattro tempistiche: -5 giorni preparto (T0), +5 giorni (T1), +30 giorni (T2) e +60 giorni post-partum (T3). Per ogni prelievo sono stati eseguiti un esame biochimico completo e l’analisi dei sottogruppi di leucociti periferici mediante citometria a flusso. Sulla base dell’assenza o presenza e all’entità degli eventi di SARA (definiti come pH <5,8 e <5,5 per ≥300 min/giorno) le bovine sono state classificate in 3 gruppi: Controllo (nessun evento SARA registrato dal giorno -5 al giorno +60), SARA5.8 e SARA5.5 (pH rispettivamente <5.8 e <5.5 per ≥300 min/die). Per l’analisi statistica, il gruppo Controllo è stato categorizzato come sano, mentre SARA5.8 e SARA5.5 sono stati categorizzati come malati. I dati sono stati analizzati mediante un modello lineare misto, includendo come effetti fissi le tempistiche, la categoria (sano vs. malato) e la loro interazione. I confronti post-hoc sono stati effettuati tramite medie marginali stimate, con correzione del p-value tramite il metodo Benjamini–Hochberg (FDR) (p<0,05). L’analisi delle sottopopolazioni leucocitarie ha evidenziato un significativo effetto tempo (p<0,05), mentre non sono emerse differenze legate alla categoria di acidosi o all’interazione tempo × categoria. Nello specifico, i linfociti T helper e i monociti sono diminuiti tra T0 e T1; tale andamento è stato seguito da un aumento significativo di linfociti Tδ (WC1+ CD4-) e T helper stessi tra T2 e T3. L’analisi del profilo biochimico ha rivelato un significativo effetto tempo per tutti i parametri analizzati (p<0,05), mentre non sono emerse differenze legate alla categoria di acidosi. Le interazioni tempo × categoria sono risultate statisticamente significative per albumina, globuline, proteine totali, GGT, colesterolo e calcio (p<0,05), mentre si è rilevata una tendenza per PON-1, rapporto albumina/globuline, ALP, AST, LDH, magnesio e urea (p<0,10). I risultati indicano che l’effetto tempo, correlato agli adattamenti fisiologici del periparto, rappresenta il principale fattore di variazione dei parametri biochimici e immunologici analizzati. La condizione di SARA non ha mostrato effetti indipendenti significativi, ma ha influenzato l’andamento temporale di alcuni parametri metabolici, epatici e proteico-infiammatori, suggerendo una persistente alterazione dell’omeostasi post-partum nei soggetti affetti da tale disordine fermentativo.
Valutazione del profilo biochimico e delle sottopopolazioni leucocitarie in corso di acidosi ruminale subacuta (SARA) in bovine da latte sottoposte a monitoraggio continuo del pH reticolo-ruminale
NOVELLO, MARTINA
2025/2026
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a fermentative disorder that affects high-producing dairy cows, particularly during early lactation. The onset of a local and systemic inflammatory response is a hallmark of SARA. Although alterations affecting innate immunity associated with this inflammatory state have been partially described, the impact of the pathology on adaptive immunity dynamics remains poorly studied. The main objective of this thesis was to compare the key biochemical parameters and variations in peripheral leukocyte subpopulations with data obtained from continuous reticulo-ruminal pH monitoring in dairy cows. The study involved fifty-five periparturient dairy cows. Each animal was equipped with an indwelling reticulo-ruminal pH sensor for continuous monitoring, and K3EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples were collected at four time points: -5 days prepartum (T0), +5 days (T1), +30 days (T2), and +60 days postpartum (T3). For each sample, a complete biochemical panel was performed, along with an analysis of peripheral leukocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Based on the occurrence and severity of SARA events (defined as pH <5,8 or <5,5 for a duration of ≥300 min/day), the cows were classified into 3 groups: Control (no SARA events recorded from day -5 to day +60), SARA5.8, or SARA5.5 (pH <5,8 and <5,5, for a duration of ≥300 min/day, respectively). For statistical analysis, the Control was considered healthy, while SARA5.8 and SARA5.5 were categorised as diseased. Data were analysed using a linear mixed-effects model including time point, acidosis category (healthy vs. diseased), and their interaction as fixed effects. Post-hoc comparisons were made using estimated marginal means (p<0,05). P-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg False Discovery Rate method. A significant time effect was observed for some leukocyte subsets (p<0,001). Specifically, T helper lymphocytes decreased between T0 and T1 and increased between T2 and T3; γδ T-lymphocytes (WC1+ CD4-) also increased between T2 and T3. Monocytes decreased between T0 and T1. No effects of acidosis category or the time × category interaction were observed. Biochemical profile analysis revealed a significant effect of time for all parameters analyzed (p<0,05), while no differences were found by acidosis category. Time × category interactions were statistically significant for albumin, globulin, total protein, GGT, cholesterol, and calcium (p<0,05), while a trend was observed for PON-1, albumin/globulin ratio, ALP, AST, LDH, magnesium, and urea (p<0,10). These results indicate that the time effect, related to peripartum physiological adaptations, represents the main factor driving variation in the biochemical and immunological parameters analysed. The condition of SARA did not show significant independent effects, but it influenced the temporal course of certain metabolic, hepatic, and protein-inflammatory parameters. These findings suggest a persistent disruption of postpartum homeostasis in subjects affected by this fermentative disorder.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
NOVELLO_MARTINA.pdf
embargo fino al 21/07/2027
Dimensione
4.34 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.34 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111841