This thesis empirically investigates the dynamics of international trade and the global monetary system in the post-2018 period, characterized by the significant disruption represented by the imposition of unilateral customs tariffs by the Trump administration. Through the analysis of macroeconomic and trade data (2000-2024) and the application of statistical and econometric methodologies (descriptive analysis, multiple regressions, Difference-in-Differences and fixed effects models), the research is structured along three main axes. Firstly, it demonstrates the deeply structural nature of global trade imbalances. National models—from the persistent surplus of export-oriented economies like Germany and China to the chronic deficit of the United States—show high inertia. Unilateral protectionist measures prove ineffective in correcting these imbalances, whose primary determinants lie in long-term macroeconomic and structural factors (domestic demand, savings rates, productive specialization), rather than in contingent trade policies. Secondly, it analyzes the slow but steady transformation of the international financial architecture. The US dollar maintains a hegemonic role, but its share of global foreign exchange reserves is eroding, accompanied by increasing volatility. This transition towards a more multipolar system is driven by the strategic diversification of central banks, the rise of the Renminbi, and geopolitical considerations—a process accelerated but not originated by the 2018 trade tensions. Finally, a causal evaluation of the impact of the 2018 Trump tariffs on US trade flows confirms their limited effectiveness. While they temporarily altered the geographical composition of trade (trade diversion), the measures did not reduce the overall deficit, instead highlighting the resilience of global value chains and the rigidity of US demand for specialized intermediate goods. In summary, the research concludes that global trade and financial dynamics remain substantially governed by long-term structural factors and deep economic integration. Unilateral and protectionist policy interventions prove to be blunt instruments, incapable of overturning entrenched trends and counterproductive for system stability. Therefore, correcting imbalances and governing a transitioning economic order requires coordinated and multilateral cooperative policies, aimed at addressing root causes rather than symptoms.
Questa tesi indaga empiricamente le dinamiche del commercio internazionale e del sistema monetario globale nel periodo post-2018, caratterizzato dalla significativa discontinuità rappresentata dall'imposizione di dazi doganali unilaterali da parte dell'amministrazione Trump. Attraverso l'analisi di dati macroeconomici e commerciali (2000-2024) e l'applicazione di metodologie statistiche ed econometriche (analisi descrittiva, regressioni multiple, modelli Difference-in-Differences e a effetti fissi), la ricerca si articola lungo tre assi principali. In primo luogo, si dimostra la natura profondamente strutturale degli squilibri commerciali globali. I modelli nazionali – dal surplus persistente di economie esportatrici come Germania e Cina al deficit cronico degli Stati Uniti – mostrano un'elevata inerzia. Le misure protezionistiche unilaterali si rivelano inefficaci nel correggere tali squilibri, la cui determinante principale risiede in fattori macroeconomici e strutturali di lungo periodo (domanda interna, tassi di risparmio, specializzazione produttiva), piuttosto che in politiche commerciali contingenti. In secondo luogo, si analizza la lenta ma costante trasformazione dell'architettura finanziaria internazionale. Il dollaro statunitense mantiene un ruolo egemonico, ma la sua quota nelle riserve valutarie globali è in erosione, accompagnata da una crescente volatilità. Tale transizione verso un sistema più multipolare è guidata dalla diversificazione strategica delle banche centrali, dall'ascesa del Renminbi e da considerazioni geopolitiche, processo accelerato ma non originato dalle tensioni commerciali del 2018. Infine, una valutazione causale dell'impatto dei dazi Trump del 2018 sui flussi commerciali statunitensi conferma la loro limitata efficacia. Pur avendo alterato temporaneamente la composizione geografica degli scambi (diversione commerciale), le misure non hanno ridotto il disavanzo complessivo, evidenziando invece la resilienza delle catene globali del valore e la rigidità della domanda statunitense per beni intermedi specializzati. In sintesi, la ricerca conclude che le dinamiche commerciali e finanziarie globali rimangono sostanzialmente governate da fattori strutturali di lungo periodo e dall'integrazione economica profonda. Gli interventi politici unilaterali e protezionistici si dimostrano strumenti spuntati, incapaci di sovvertire trend radicati e controproducenti per la stabilità del sistema. La correzione degli squilibri e la governance di un ordine economico in transizione richiedono, pertanto, politiche coordinate e di cooperazione multilaterale, orientate a intervenire sulle cause fondamentali piuttosto che sui sintomi.
Dall’egemonia del dollaro alla frammentazione commerciale: un’indagine empirica sulle dinamiche globali post-2018
IPPOLITO, ONOFRIO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis empirically investigates the dynamics of international trade and the global monetary system in the post-2018 period, characterized by the significant disruption represented by the imposition of unilateral customs tariffs by the Trump administration. Through the analysis of macroeconomic and trade data (2000-2024) and the application of statistical and econometric methodologies (descriptive analysis, multiple regressions, Difference-in-Differences and fixed effects models), the research is structured along three main axes. Firstly, it demonstrates the deeply structural nature of global trade imbalances. National models—from the persistent surplus of export-oriented economies like Germany and China to the chronic deficit of the United States—show high inertia. Unilateral protectionist measures prove ineffective in correcting these imbalances, whose primary determinants lie in long-term macroeconomic and structural factors (domestic demand, savings rates, productive specialization), rather than in contingent trade policies. Secondly, it analyzes the slow but steady transformation of the international financial architecture. The US dollar maintains a hegemonic role, but its share of global foreign exchange reserves is eroding, accompanied by increasing volatility. This transition towards a more multipolar system is driven by the strategic diversification of central banks, the rise of the Renminbi, and geopolitical considerations—a process accelerated but not originated by the 2018 trade tensions. Finally, a causal evaluation of the impact of the 2018 Trump tariffs on US trade flows confirms their limited effectiveness. While they temporarily altered the geographical composition of trade (trade diversion), the measures did not reduce the overall deficit, instead highlighting the resilience of global value chains and the rigidity of US demand for specialized intermediate goods. In summary, the research concludes that global trade and financial dynamics remain substantially governed by long-term structural factors and deep economic integration. Unilateral and protectionist policy interventions prove to be blunt instruments, incapable of overturning entrenched trends and counterproductive for system stability. Therefore, correcting imbalances and governing a transitioning economic order requires coordinated and multilateral cooperative policies, aimed at addressing root causes rather than symptoms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112197