The present work aims to analyze the Finite Volume Method (FVM), one of the most widely used discretization techniques in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), illustrating its theoretical principles and subsequent implementation in the open-source software OpenFOAM. The discussion addresses the discretization process of the Navier–Stokes equations, the numerical schemes used for the approximation of convective and diffusive terms, the iterative strategies for solving linear systems, and the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure-velocity coupling in steady incompressible flows. Furthermore, the main aspects of turbulence modeling using the RANS approach and the treatment of the boundary layer through wall functions are introduced.The theoretical part finds application in the development of a case study dedicated to the two-dimensional simulation of the flow around a NACA 2412 airfoil using the \texttt{simpleFoam} solver. The simulation was carried out adopting a High-Re approach, with a target value of ($y^+ ≈ 80$), which allowed the use of wall functions for boundary layer modeling, reducing the computational cost while maintaining a correct representation of fluid dynamic phenomena near the wall. Additionally, the main choices regarding mesh generation, the definition of boundary conditions, the selection of the turbulence model, and the numerical strategy adopted to ensure the stability and convergence of the solution are described.The simulation results are analyzed through the study of numerical convergence, the comparison of the aerodynamic lift and drag coefficients with the experimental data reported by Abbott and von Doenhoff in Theory of Wing Sections, and the analysis of the pressure coefficient distribution over the airfoil. The comparison highlights a good agreement between the simulations and experimental results for low angles of attack, corresponding to the linear region of the lift curve and sufficiently far from stall conditions. The obtained results confirm the reliability of the adopted numerical approach and highlight the importance of the choices related to discretization, mesh generation, and boundary layer modeling for the accuracy of the numerical solution.
Il presente lavoro ha l’obiettivo di analizzare il Metodo dei Volumi Finiti (Finite Volume Method, FVM), una delle tecniche di discretizzazione maggiormente impiegate nell’ambito della Fluidodinamica Computazionale (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD), illustrandone i principi teorici e la successiva implementazione nel software open-source OpenFOAM. La trattazione affronta il processo di discretizzazione delle equazioni di Navier–Stokes, gli schemi numerici utilizzati per l’approssimazione dei termini convettivi e diffusivi, le strategie iterative per la soluzione dei sistemi lineari e l’algoritmo SIMPLE per l’accoppiamento pressione-velocità nei flussi incomprimibili stazionari. Vengono inoltre introdotti i principali aspetti della modellazione della turbolenza mediante l’approccio RANS e il trattamento dello strato limite attraverso le wall function. La parte teorica trova applicazione nello sviluppo di un caso di studio dedicato alla simulazione bidimensionale del flusso attorno a un profilo aerodinamico NACA 2412 mediante il solutore simpleFoam. La simulazione `e stata realizzata adottando un approccio High-Re, con un valore obiettivo di (y+ ≈ 80), che ha consentito l’impiego delle wall functions per la modellazione dello strato limite, riducendo il costo computazionale pur mantenendo una corretta rappresentazione dei fenomeni fluidodinamici in prossimità della parete. Vengono inoltre descritte le principali scelte relative alla generazione della mesh, alla definizione delle condizioni al contorno, alla selezione del modello di turbolenza e alla strategia numerica adottata per garantire la stabilità e la convergenza della soluzione. I risultati della simulazione vengono analizzati attraverso lo studio della convergenza numerica, il confronto dei coefficienti aerodinamici di portanza e resistenza con i dati sperimentali riportati da Abbott e von Doenhoff in Theory of Wing Sections e l’analisi della distribuzione del coefficiente di pressione sul profilo. Il confronto evidenzia un buon accordo tra simulazioni e risultati sperimentali per bassi angoli d’attacco, corrispondenti alla regione lineare della curva di portanza e sufficientemente distante dalle condizioni di stallo. I risultati ottenuti confermano l’affidabilità dell’approccio numerico adottato e mettono in evidenza l’importanza delle scelte relative alla discretizzazione, alla generazione della mesh e alla modellazione dello strato limite ai fini dell’accuratezza della soluzione numerica.
Il metodo dei volumi finiti per la simulazione di flussi aerodinamici: implementazione in OpenFOAM e applicazione a un profilo NACA
FRANCESCATO, LEONARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
The present work aims to analyze the Finite Volume Method (FVM), one of the most widely used discretization techniques in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), illustrating its theoretical principles and subsequent implementation in the open-source software OpenFOAM. The discussion addresses the discretization process of the Navier–Stokes equations, the numerical schemes used for the approximation of convective and diffusive terms, the iterative strategies for solving linear systems, and the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure-velocity coupling in steady incompressible flows. Furthermore, the main aspects of turbulence modeling using the RANS approach and the treatment of the boundary layer through wall functions are introduced.The theoretical part finds application in the development of a case study dedicated to the two-dimensional simulation of the flow around a NACA 2412 airfoil using the \texttt{simpleFoam} solver. The simulation was carried out adopting a High-Re approach, with a target value of ($y^+ ≈ 80$), which allowed the use of wall functions for boundary layer modeling, reducing the computational cost while maintaining a correct representation of fluid dynamic phenomena near the wall. Additionally, the main choices regarding mesh generation, the definition of boundary conditions, the selection of the turbulence model, and the numerical strategy adopted to ensure the stability and convergence of the solution are described.The simulation results are analyzed through the study of numerical convergence, the comparison of the aerodynamic lift and drag coefficients with the experimental data reported by Abbott and von Doenhoff in Theory of Wing Sections, and the analysis of the pressure coefficient distribution over the airfoil. The comparison highlights a good agreement between the simulations and experimental results for low angles of attack, corresponding to the linear region of the lift curve and sufficiently far from stall conditions. The obtained results confirm the reliability of the adopted numerical approach and highlight the importance of the choices related to discretization, mesh generation, and boundary layer modeling for the accuracy of the numerical solution.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112281