The thesis analyzes the phenomenon of referee bias in professional football, with particular reference to the Italian Serie A, focusing on the issue of alleged favorable refereeing decisions toward major teams. The aim of the study is to determine whether these perceptions are supported by economic and empirical literature. The first part introduces the concepts of home advantage and referee bias, highlighting the role of social pressure, crowd influence, and referees’ discretionary decision-making. Subsequently, the thesis examines the main empirical and econometric studies on the topic, with particular attention to observable variables such as yellow cards, penalties, and disciplinary sanctions, as well as the effects of the introduction of VAR. Finally, the thesis explores the economic implications of the phenomenon, emphasizing the importance of credibility and transparency in professional football. The literature review suggests that some empirical evidence of referee bias exists, particularly in relation to home advantage, although it does not provide definitive proof of systematic or intentional favoritism by referees.
L’elaborato analizza il fenomeno del referee bias nel calcio professionistico, con particolare riferimento alla Serie A italiana, approfondendo il tema dei presunti favoritismi arbitrali nei confronti delle squadre più importanti. L’obiettivo della tesi è verificare se tali percezioni trovino riscontro nella letteratura economica ed empirica. Nella prima parte vengono introdotti i concetti di home advantage e bias arbitrale, evidenziando il ruolo della pressione sociale, del pubblico e della discrezionalità degli arbitri. Successivamente, vengono analizzati i principali studi empirici ed econometrici sul tema, con riferimento a variabili osservabili come cartellini, rigori e sanzioni disciplinari, oltre agli effetti dell’introduzione del VAR. Infine, la tesi approfondisce le implicazioni economiche del fenomeno, soffermandosi sull’importanza della credibilità e della trasparenza nel calcio professionistico. L’analisi della letteratura evidenzia come esistano alcune evidenze empiriche di referee bias, soprattutto legate all’home advantage, pur senza dimostrare in modo definitivo l’esistenza di favoritismi arbitrali sistematici o intenzionali.
Referee Bias e Home Advantage nel calcio professionistico: evidenza empirica e implicazioni economiche
ALBERTIN, GIACOMO
2025/2026
Abstract
The thesis analyzes the phenomenon of referee bias in professional football, with particular reference to the Italian Serie A, focusing on the issue of alleged favorable refereeing decisions toward major teams. The aim of the study is to determine whether these perceptions are supported by economic and empirical literature. The first part introduces the concepts of home advantage and referee bias, highlighting the role of social pressure, crowd influence, and referees’ discretionary decision-making. Subsequently, the thesis examines the main empirical and econometric studies on the topic, with particular attention to observable variables such as yellow cards, penalties, and disciplinary sanctions, as well as the effects of the introduction of VAR. Finally, the thesis explores the economic implications of the phenomenon, emphasizing the importance of credibility and transparency in professional football. The literature review suggests that some empirical evidence of referee bias exists, particularly in relation to home advantage, although it does not provide definitive proof of systematic or intentional favoritism by referees.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112469