This study investigates a historical photograph dating from approximately 1850–1855, produced by the German photographer and lithographer Friedrich Carl Vogel and depicting the Venetian bishop Federico Maria Zinelli. The photograph consists of three layers and presents extensive yellowing, severe fading, and foxing. These deterioration phenomena complicated both the analytical investigation and the identification of the original photographic process. The aim of this research was to characterize the materials and stratigraphy of the photograph and to determine the photographic technique used for its production. A multi-analytical approach was therefore employed, combining optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, ATR-FTIR, micro-FTIR, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). These techniques were used to investigate the surface morphology, layer structure, constituent materials, and the presence of organic binders and associated elements. The interpretation of the analytical results was integrated with historical information, the observed deterioration patterns, and comparisons with previous studies on nineteenth-century photographic processes. Three possible techniques were considered: salt printing, albumen printing, and gelatin printing. The combined evidence, including the identification of protein-based binders, the stratigraphic structure, and the elemental and morphological characteristics of the photograph, suggests that the object was most likely produced using a single-coated albumen printing process. A definitive identification would require further analytical techniques involving direct sampling. However, because the photographic layer occupies only a limited portion of the object, even minimal sampling could result in irreversible damage. The study therefore highlights both the potential and the limitations of a primarily non-invasive and minimally invasive analytical approach for the characterization of fragile historical photographs.
Questo studio esamina una fotografia storica databile approssimativamente tra il 1850 e il 1855, realizzata dal fotografo e litografo tedesco Friedrich Carl Vogel e raffigurante il vescovo veneziano Federico Maria Zinelli. La fotografia è costituita da tre strati e presenta un esteso ingiallimento, un forte sbiadimento e fenomeni di foxing. Questi fenomeni di degrado hanno reso più complessi sia il processo di analisi sia l’identificazione del procedimento fotografico originale. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca era caratterizzare i materiali e la struttura stratigrafica della fotografia e determinare la tecnica fotografica utilizzata per la sua realizzazione. A tale scopo è stato adottato un approccio multi-analitico che ha combinato microscopia ottica, microscopia confocale, ATR-FTIR, micro-FTIR e fluorescenza a raggi X (XRF). Queste tecniche sono state impiegate per analizzare la morfologia superficiale, la struttura degli strati, i materiali costitutivi e la presenza di leganti organici e degli elementi ad essi associati. L’interpretazione dei risultati analitici è stata integrata con le informazioni storiche, i fenomeni di degrado osservati e il confronto con studi precedenti relativi ai procedimenti fotografici del XIX secolo. Sono state prese in considerazione tre possibili tecniche: la stampa salata, la stampa all’albumina e la stampa alla gelatina. L’insieme delle evidenze, tra cui l’identificazione di leganti di natura proteica, la struttura stratigrafica e le caratteristiche elementari e morfologiche della fotografia, suggerisce che l’opera sia stata molto probabilmente realizzata mediante un procedimento di stampa all’albumina a singolo strato. Per ottenere un’identificazione definitiva sarebbero necessarie ulteriori tecniche analitiche che richiedono un campionamento diretto. Tuttavia, poiché lo strato fotografico costituisce solo una parte limitata dell’intero oggetto, anche un campionamento minimo potrebbe causare danni irreversibili. Lo studio mette quindi in evidenza sia le potenzialità sia i limiti di un approccio analitico prevalentemente non invasivo e minimamente invasivo per la caratterizzazione di fotografie storiche fragili.
Caratterizzazione sperimentale di una fotografia storica realizzata da F. C. Vogel raffigurante Mons. Zinelli
KARIMI, MAHSA
2025/2026
Abstract
This study investigates a historical photograph dating from approximately 1850–1855, produced by the German photographer and lithographer Friedrich Carl Vogel and depicting the Venetian bishop Federico Maria Zinelli. The photograph consists of three layers and presents extensive yellowing, severe fading, and foxing. These deterioration phenomena complicated both the analytical investigation and the identification of the original photographic process. The aim of this research was to characterize the materials and stratigraphy of the photograph and to determine the photographic technique used for its production. A multi-analytical approach was therefore employed, combining optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, ATR-FTIR, micro-FTIR, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). These techniques were used to investigate the surface morphology, layer structure, constituent materials, and the presence of organic binders and associated elements. The interpretation of the analytical results was integrated with historical information, the observed deterioration patterns, and comparisons with previous studies on nineteenth-century photographic processes. Three possible techniques were considered: salt printing, albumen printing, and gelatin printing. The combined evidence, including the identification of protein-based binders, the stratigraphic structure, and the elemental and morphological characteristics of the photograph, suggests that the object was most likely produced using a single-coated albumen printing process. A definitive identification would require further analytical techniques involving direct sampling. However, because the photographic layer occupies only a limited portion of the object, even minimal sampling could result in irreversible damage. The study therefore highlights both the potential and the limitations of a primarily non-invasive and minimally invasive analytical approach for the characterization of fragile historical photographs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/113246