Aim Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, potentially affecting craniofacial development, somatic growth, and quality of life. Among the craniofacial features commonly associated with OSA, transverse maxillary deficiency has been recognized as a relevant anatomical factor that may contribute to upper airway narrowing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the transverse dimensions of the maxillary arch in a pediatric population with OSA and to investigate their association with disease severity using digital intraoral scans. Materials and Methods Digital dental models obtained from intraoral scans acquired at baseline (T0), before the start of orthodontic treatment, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into groups according to the presence and severity of OSA, as determined by home respiratory polygraphy data acquired at T0. Standardized measurements of intermolar and intercanine widths were performed on each digital model, as these parameters are widely accepted indicators of transverse maxillary development. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare transverse maxillary dimensions among the different OSA severity groups and to evaluate their association with the severity of the respiratory disorder. Results Data analysis revealed differences in the transverse dimensions of the maxilla between patients without OSA and those affected by the condition. In particular, intermolar width was significantly greater in patients without OSA than in those with OSA, showing a progressive reduction across the mild, moderate, and severe groups. Intercanine width also showed statistically significant differences among the groups, with lower values in patients with OSA compared with those without OSA; however, this parameter did not show a progressively decreasing trend with increasing disease severity. Overall, the association with OSA severity was more evident for intermolar width. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrate an association between the transverse morphological characteristics of the maxilla and pediatric OSA, with the association with disease severity being more evident for intermolar width. The use of intraoral scans allowed a quantitative, standardized, non-invasive, and fully digital assessment of the transverse dimensions of the maxillary arch, without exposure to ionizing radiation. Although these measurements cannot be considered diagnostic tools for OSA, they may provide useful support in identifying craniofacial alterations frequently associated with the condition and may contribute to the clinical assessment of patients within a multidisciplinary approach. Overall, the present study supports the potential of intraoral scanning as a complementary tool for the morphometric assessment of the maxilla in children with OSA and provides a basis for future prospective studies involving larger samples and incorporating three-dimensional morphometric analyses, with the aim of strengthening the available evidence and further investigating the role of craniofacial alterations in the pathophysiology of pediatric OSA.
Obiettivo La sindrome delle apnee ostruttive del sonno (OSAS) in età pediatrica è un disturbo respiratorio caratterizzato da episodi ricorrenti di ostruzione parziale o completa delle vie aeree superiori durante il sonno, con possibili ripercussioni sullo sviluppo cranio-facciale, sulla crescita e sulla qualità di vita del bambino. Tra le alterazioni anatomiche più frequentemente associate alla patologia, il deficit trasversale del mascellare superiore riveste un ruolo di particolare interesse, poiché può contribuire alla riduzione della pervietà delle vie aeree superiori. L'obiettivo del presente studio è stato quello di valutare le caratteristiche trasversali del mascellare superiore in una popolazione pediatrica affetta da OSAS e di analizzare la possibile associazione tra le dimensioni trasversali dell'arcata mascellare e la gravità della malattia mediante l'impiego di scansioni intraorali digitali. Materiali e metodi Sono stati analizzati retrospettivamente i modelli digitali ottenuti mediante scansione intraorale al baseline (T0), prima dell’inizio del trattamento ortodontico. I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in gruppi in base alla presenza e alla gravità dell’OSAS, definite mediante i dati della poligrafia domiciliare acquisita al T0. Su ciascun modello sono state eseguite misurazioni standardizzate della distanza intercanina e della distanza intermolare, parametri consolidati per la valutazione dello sviluppo trasversale del mascellare superiore. I dati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti ad analisi statistica al fine di confrontare le dimensioni trasversali dell'arcata tra i diversi gruppi di gravità dell'OSAS e di valutarne l'associazione con la severità del disturbo respiratorio. Risultati L'analisi dei dati ha evidenziato differenze nelle dimensioni trasversali del mascellare superiore tra i pazienti non affetti da OSAS e i soggetti con patologia. In particolare, la distanza intermolare è risultata significativamente maggiore nei pazienti non affetti da OSAS rispetto ai soggetti con patologia, mostrando una progressiva riduzione nelle forme lieve, moderata e severa. Anche la distanza intercanina ha evidenziato differenze statisticamente significative tra i gruppi, con valori inferiori nei pazienti affetti da OSAS rispetto ai soggetti non OSAS; tuttavia, tale parametro non ha mostrato un andamento progressivamente decrescente all'aumentare della gravità della patologia. Nel complesso, l'associazione con la severità dell'OSAS è risultata maggiormente evidente a livello della distanza intermolare. Conclusioni I risultati del presente studio evidenziano un'associazione tra le caratteristiche morfologiche trasversali del mascellare superiore e l'OSAS in età pediatrica, con un'associazione con la gravità della patologia maggiormente evidente a livello della distanza intermolare. L’impiego delle scansioni intraorali ha consentito di effettuare una valutazione quantitativa, standardizzata, non invasiva e completamente digitale delle dimensioni trasversali dell’arcata mascellare, senza esposizione a radiazioni ionizzanti. Sebbene tali misurazioni non possano essere considerate strumenti diagnostici dell'OSAS, esse possono rappresentare un utile supporto nell'identificazione delle alterazioni cranio-facciali frequentemente associate alla patologia e contribuire all'inquadramento clinico del paziente nell'ambito di un approccio multidisciplinare. Nel complesso, il presente studio supporta il potenziale della scansione intraorale quale strumento di supporto alla valutazione morfometrica del mascellare superiore nei bambini con OSAS e pone le basi per futuri studi prospettici, condotti su casistiche più ampie e integrati con analisi morfometriche tridimensionali, finalizzati a consolidare le evidenze disponibili e ad approfondire il ruolo delle alterazioni cranio-facciali nella fisiopatologia dell'OSAS pediatrica.
Analisi delle dimensioni trasversali delle arcate dentarie in pazienti pediatrici affetti da sindrome delle apnee ostruttive del sonno: studio retrospettivo osservazionale
MASETTA, MIRYAM
2025/2026
Abstract
Aim Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, potentially affecting craniofacial development, somatic growth, and quality of life. Among the craniofacial features commonly associated with OSA, transverse maxillary deficiency has been recognized as a relevant anatomical factor that may contribute to upper airway narrowing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the transverse dimensions of the maxillary arch in a pediatric population with OSA and to investigate their association with disease severity using digital intraoral scans. Materials and Methods Digital dental models obtained from intraoral scans acquired at baseline (T0), before the start of orthodontic treatment, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into groups according to the presence and severity of OSA, as determined by home respiratory polygraphy data acquired at T0. Standardized measurements of intermolar and intercanine widths were performed on each digital model, as these parameters are widely accepted indicators of transverse maxillary development. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare transverse maxillary dimensions among the different OSA severity groups and to evaluate their association with the severity of the respiratory disorder. Results Data analysis revealed differences in the transverse dimensions of the maxilla between patients without OSA and those affected by the condition. In particular, intermolar width was significantly greater in patients without OSA than in those with OSA, showing a progressive reduction across the mild, moderate, and severe groups. Intercanine width also showed statistically significant differences among the groups, with lower values in patients with OSA compared with those without OSA; however, this parameter did not show a progressively decreasing trend with increasing disease severity. Overall, the association with OSA severity was more evident for intermolar width. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrate an association between the transverse morphological characteristics of the maxilla and pediatric OSA, with the association with disease severity being more evident for intermolar width. The use of intraoral scans allowed a quantitative, standardized, non-invasive, and fully digital assessment of the transverse dimensions of the maxillary arch, without exposure to ionizing radiation. Although these measurements cannot be considered diagnostic tools for OSA, they may provide useful support in identifying craniofacial alterations frequently associated with the condition and may contribute to the clinical assessment of patients within a multidisciplinary approach. Overall, the present study supports the potential of intraoral scanning as a complementary tool for the morphometric assessment of the maxilla in children with OSA and provides a basis for future prospective studies involving larger samples and incorporating three-dimensional morphometric analyses, with the aim of strengthening the available evidence and further investigating the role of craniofacial alterations in the pathophysiology of pediatric OSA.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114073