BACKGROUND: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a multifactorial complication primarily associated with antiresorptive therapies, such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood and is likely to involve, in addition to drug exposure, alterations in the oral microbiota, genetic variability, and changes in the bone microenvironment. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate, using an integrated multiparametric approach, the associations between MRONJ and clinical, microbiological, pharmacogenetic, and pharmacokinetic factors in patients treated with zoledronic acid or denosumab. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 55 participants were included: 16 healthy untreated controls, 21 patients receiving antiresorptive therapy without MRONJ, and 18 patients with MRONJ. The salivary microbiota was characterised by next-generation sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Pharmacogenetic variants were analysed by real-time PCR in the 39 patients exposed to antiresorptive drugs. A pharmacokinetic substudy of amoxicillin was conducted in 27 patients, with plasma and bone concentrations quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Patients with MRONJ exhibited a greater relative abundance of Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus spp., and the Terrabacteria group. A relative abundance of Streptococcus spp. >5.51% was significantly associated with MRONJ on univariate analysis (OR = 13.50; 95% CI: 2.010–90.689; p = 0.007), but the association was no longer statistically significant after multivariable adjustment, although the variable was retained in the model (OR = 10.667; 95% CI: 0.823–138.222; p = 0.070). Among the 25 patients successfully genotyped for ABCB1 1236C>T, the CC genotype was identified exclusively among patients with MRONJ. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid without metronidazole was more frequently prescribed to treated controls, whereas the addition of metronidazole was more common among patients with MRONJ. In the pharmacokinetic substudy, dose-normalized plasma amoxicillin concentrations did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.533), whereas, among the 12 bone samples with quantifiable drug concentrations, dose-normalized amoxicillin concentrations in bone were significantly lower in patients with MRONJ than in treated controls (0.87 [0.24–3.11] vs 15.47 [8.72–17.86] ng/mg/g; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: These findings further support the multifactorial nature of MRONJ and suggest potential contributions from alterations in the oral microbiota, pharmacogenetic variability, and local tissue exposure to amoxicillin. Given the exploratory nature of the study and the limited sample size, these associations should be interpreted with caution and do not currently support the identification of biomarkers suitable for clinical application. Larger, prospective, multicentre studies are warranted to validate these findings and to develop robust multiparametric models for MRONJ risk stratification.
BACKGROUND: L’osteonecrosi dei mascellari correlata a farmaci (MRONJ) è una complicanza associata principalmente all’impiego di farmaci anti-riassorbitivi, quali bisfosfonati e denosumab. La sua patogenesi è multifattoriale e potrebbe coinvolgere, oltre all’esposizione farmacologica, alterazioni del microbiota orale, variabilità genetica e modificazioni del microambiente osseo. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO: Valutare, mediante un approccio integrato, l’associazione tra la presenza di MRONJ e fattori clinici, microbiologici, farmacogenetici, e farmacocinetici in pazienti trattati con acido zoledronico o denosumab. MATERIALI E METODI: Sono stati inclusi 55 partecipanti: 16 controlli sani non trattati, 21 controlli in terapia anti-riassorbitiva senza MRONJ e 18 pazienti con MRONJ. Il microbiota salivare è stato caratterizzato mediante sequenziamento di nuova generazione del gene 16S rRNA. Le varianti farmacogenetiche sono state analizzate mediante PCR real-time nei 39 pazienti esposti ai farmaci anti-riassorbitivi. Il sottostudio farmacocinetico dell’amoxicillina, condotto in 27 pazienti, ha previsto la determinazione delle concentrazioni plasmatiche e ossee mediante cromatografia liquida associata a spettrometria di massa tandem. RISULTATI: Nei pazienti con MRONJ è stata osservata una maggiore abbondanza relativa di Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus spp. e del gruppo Terrabacteria. Un’abbondanza di Streptococcus spp. superiore al 5,51% risultava associata a MRONJ nell’analisi univariata (OR=13,50; IC 95%: 2,010-90,689; p=0,007), ma non raggiungeva la significatività statistica nel modello multivariato, pur rimanendo nel modello (OR=10,667; IC 95%: 0,823-138,222; p=0,070). Tra i 25 pazienti validamente genotipizzati per ABCB1 1236 C>T, il genotipo CC era presente esclusivamente nei pazienti con MRONJ. L’associazione amoxicillina/acido clavulanico senza metronidazolo era più frequente nei controlli, mentre l’aggiunta di metronidazolo era più comune nei pazienti con MRONJ. Nel sottostudio farmacocinetico, le concentrazioni plasmatiche di amoxicillina normalizzate rispetto alla dose erano comparabili tra i gruppi (p=0,533), mentre, nei 12 campioni ossei quantificabili, le concentrazioni ossee normalizzate rispetto alla dose risultavano significativamente inferiori nei pazienti con MRONJ rispetto ai controlli in terapia (0,87 [0,24-3,11] vs 15,47 [8,72-17,86] ng/mg/g; p=0,004). CONCLUSIONI: I risultati supportano la natura multifattoriale della MRONJ e suggeriscono un possibile coinvolgimento del microbiota orale, della variabilità farmacogenetica e della disponibilità tissutale dell’amoxicillina. Le associazioni osservate devono essere considerate esplorative e non consentono di identificare biomarcatori già utilizzabili nella pratica clinica. Studi prospettici, multicentrici e condotti su popolazioni più ampie saranno necessari per validare questi risultati e sviluppare modelli multiparametrici di stratificazione del rischio.
MRONJ e medicina personalizzata: approccio multidisciplinare per la ricerca di biomarcatori predittivi
PIERETTO, GIORGIA
2025/2026
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a multifactorial complication primarily associated with antiresorptive therapies, such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood and is likely to involve, in addition to drug exposure, alterations in the oral microbiota, genetic variability, and changes in the bone microenvironment. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate, using an integrated multiparametric approach, the associations between MRONJ and clinical, microbiological, pharmacogenetic, and pharmacokinetic factors in patients treated with zoledronic acid or denosumab. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 55 participants were included: 16 healthy untreated controls, 21 patients receiving antiresorptive therapy without MRONJ, and 18 patients with MRONJ. The salivary microbiota was characterised by next-generation sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Pharmacogenetic variants were analysed by real-time PCR in the 39 patients exposed to antiresorptive drugs. A pharmacokinetic substudy of amoxicillin was conducted in 27 patients, with plasma and bone concentrations quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Patients with MRONJ exhibited a greater relative abundance of Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus spp., and the Terrabacteria group. A relative abundance of Streptococcus spp. >5.51% was significantly associated with MRONJ on univariate analysis (OR = 13.50; 95% CI: 2.010–90.689; p = 0.007), but the association was no longer statistically significant after multivariable adjustment, although the variable was retained in the model (OR = 10.667; 95% CI: 0.823–138.222; p = 0.070). Among the 25 patients successfully genotyped for ABCB1 1236C>T, the CC genotype was identified exclusively among patients with MRONJ. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid without metronidazole was more frequently prescribed to treated controls, whereas the addition of metronidazole was more common among patients with MRONJ. In the pharmacokinetic substudy, dose-normalized plasma amoxicillin concentrations did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.533), whereas, among the 12 bone samples with quantifiable drug concentrations, dose-normalized amoxicillin concentrations in bone were significantly lower in patients with MRONJ than in treated controls (0.87 [0.24–3.11] vs 15.47 [8.72–17.86] ng/mg/g; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: These findings further support the multifactorial nature of MRONJ and suggest potential contributions from alterations in the oral microbiota, pharmacogenetic variability, and local tissue exposure to amoxicillin. Given the exploratory nature of the study and the limited sample size, these associations should be interpreted with caution and do not currently support the identification of biomarkers suitable for clinical application. Larger, prospective, multicentre studies are warranted to validate these findings and to develop robust multiparametric models for MRONJ risk stratification.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
PIERETTO_GIORGIA Tesi.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
13.87 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
13.87 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114078