The growing need to reduce dependence on conventional mineral fertilizers and promote nutrient recovery from residual streams has led to increasing interest in the use of alternative fertilizer sources in agriculture. This study evaluated the agronomic effectiveness of different recovered materials as partial or complete substitutes for mineral fertilization in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation. Two materials were investigated as nitrogen sources: an anaerobic digestate derived from fruit-processing industry residues and sludge from an aquaponic system. In addition, two types of biomass ash, fly ash and bottom ash, were evaluated as alternative potassium sources. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using pot-grown plants and included an unfertilized control (T0), a mineral-fertilized control (TMIN), and a mineral fertigation treatment (FERT-MIN). For anaerobic digestate and aquaponic sludge, three application rates were evaluated: T50, T100, and T200, corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 200% of the crop nitrogen requirement supplied through the recovered material, respectively. Mineral phosphorus and potassium were supplemented in all treatments, while mineral nitrogen was also supplied in T50. For biomass ashes, used as alternative potassium sources, two substitution levels, T50 and T100, were evaluated, corresponding to 50% and 100% replacement of mineral potassium, respectively, while nitrogen and phosphorus were supplied through mineral fertilization. Urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate were used to meet the remaining nutrient requirements. For the nitrogen-based materials, the effect of the application method was also evaluated by comparing basal fertilization with fertigation. During the growing cycle and at harvest, yield and biometric parameters, plant physiological status, and selected quality traits were assessed, together with the final pH and electrical conductivity of the growing substrate. The results showed different responses depending on the recovered material, application rate, and application method. Among the ashes, fly ash treatments (T50-CL and T100-CL) provided the best results, with yields comparable to the mineral-fertilized control, whereas bottom ash showed lower agronomic effectiveness and was associated with a marked increase in substrate pH. For anaerobic digestate, T50-D and T100-D showed yield and quality performances comparable to TMIN, whereas T200-D resulted in reduced plant growth. Aquaponic sludge also showed satisfactory results when applied as basal fertilization, with T50-F, T100-F, and T200-F performing overall comparably to the mineral-fertilized control. Mineral fertigation increased yield compared with basal mineral fertilization, while digestate fertigation resulted in lower substrate electrical conductivity and no plant mortality compared with T100-D. In contrast, fertigation with aquaponic sludge showed lower productive effectiveness. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of the investigated recovered materials as partial or complete alternatives to mineral fertilizers. Further studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness on longer-cycle crops and under field conditions, where differences in nutrient mineralization and release dynamics may result in different crop responses compared with those observed in pots.
La crescente necessità di ridurre la dipendenza dai fertilizzanti minerali convenzionali e di favorire il recupero dei nutrienti da flussi residuali ha determinato un crescente interesse verso l'impiego di matrici alternative in agricoltura. Il presente studio ha valutato l'efficacia agronomica di diverse matrici di recupero come sostitute parziali o totali della fertilizzazione minerale nella coltivazione di lattuga (Lactuca sativa L.). Sono state considerate due matrici organiche utilizzate come fonte di azoto (digestato anaerobico derivante da residui dell'industria delle confetture e fango proveniente da un sistema acquaponico) e due tipologie di cenere da biomassa, leggera e pesante, utilizzate come fonti alternative di potassio. La prova è stata condotta in serra su piante coltivate in vaso, includendo un controllo non fertilizzato (T0), un controllo sottoposto a fertilizzazione minerale (TMIN) e un trattamento di fertirrigazione minerale (FERT-MIN). Per digestato anaerobico e fango acquaponico, sono stati valutati tre livelli di applicazione: T50, T100 e T200, corrispondenti rispettivamente all'apporto mediante la matrice del 50%, 100% e 200% del fabbisogno azotato della coltura, con integrazione minerale di fosforo e potassio in tutti i trattamenti e azoto in T50. Per le ceneri sono stati invece valutati i livelli T50 e T100, corrispondenti alla sostituzione rispettivamente del 50% e del 100% dell'apporto minerale di potassio, apportando azoto e fosforo mediante concimazione minerale. I concimi utilizzati per apportare i fabbisogni mancanti sono stati urea, perfosfato triplo e solfato di potassio. Per le matrici azotate è stato inoltre valutato l'effetto della modalità di somministrazione, confrontando l'applicazione come concimazione di fondo con la fertirrigazione. Durante il ciclo colturale e alla raccolta sono stati valutati parametri produttivi e biometrici, lo stato fisiologico delle piante e alcuni parametri qualitativi della produzione, oltre al pH e alla conducibilità elettrica finali del substrato. I risultati hanno evidenziato risposte differenti in funzione della matrice, della dose e della modalità di applicazione. Tra le ceneri, i trattamenti con cenere leggera (T50-CL e T100-CL) hanno fornito i risultati migliori, con produzioni comparabili al controllo minerale, mentre la cenere pesante ha mostrato una minore efficacia, associata a un marcato incremento del pH del substrato. Per il digestato, T50-D e T100-D hanno ottenuto prestazioni produttive e qualitative comparabili a TMIN, mentre T200-D ha determinato una riduzione della crescita. Anche il fango acquaponico ha mostrato risultati soddisfacenti quando applicato come concimazione di fondo, con T50-F, T100-F e T200-F complessivamente comparabili al controllo minerale. La fertirrigazione minerale ha incrementato la produzione rispetto alla concimazione di fondo, mentre quella con digestato ha determinato una minore conducibilità elettrica del substrato e l’assenza di mortalità rispetto a T100-D. Al contrario, la fertirrigazione con fango acquaponico ha mostrato una minore efficacia produttiva. Nel complesso, i risultati dimostrano la potenzialità delle matrici di recupero studiate come alternative parziali o totali ai fertilizzanti minerali. Futuri studi saranno necessari per verificarne l’efficacia su colture a ciclo più lungo e in condizioni di pieno campo, dove i diversi tempi di mineralizzazione e rilascio dei nutrienti potrebbero determinare risposte differenti rispetto a quelle osservate in vaso.
Matrici organiche di recupero come fertilizzanti alternativi per le colture orticole: potenziale agronomico di digestato da residui di frutta, fanghi di acquaponica e ceneri su lattuga
CASAROTTO, MICHELE
2025/2026
Abstract
The growing need to reduce dependence on conventional mineral fertilizers and promote nutrient recovery from residual streams has led to increasing interest in the use of alternative fertilizer sources in agriculture. This study evaluated the agronomic effectiveness of different recovered materials as partial or complete substitutes for mineral fertilization in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation. Two materials were investigated as nitrogen sources: an anaerobic digestate derived from fruit-processing industry residues and sludge from an aquaponic system. In addition, two types of biomass ash, fly ash and bottom ash, were evaluated as alternative potassium sources. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using pot-grown plants and included an unfertilized control (T0), a mineral-fertilized control (TMIN), and a mineral fertigation treatment (FERT-MIN). For anaerobic digestate and aquaponic sludge, three application rates were evaluated: T50, T100, and T200, corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 200% of the crop nitrogen requirement supplied through the recovered material, respectively. Mineral phosphorus and potassium were supplemented in all treatments, while mineral nitrogen was also supplied in T50. For biomass ashes, used as alternative potassium sources, two substitution levels, T50 and T100, were evaluated, corresponding to 50% and 100% replacement of mineral potassium, respectively, while nitrogen and phosphorus were supplied through mineral fertilization. Urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate were used to meet the remaining nutrient requirements. For the nitrogen-based materials, the effect of the application method was also evaluated by comparing basal fertilization with fertigation. During the growing cycle and at harvest, yield and biometric parameters, plant physiological status, and selected quality traits were assessed, together with the final pH and electrical conductivity of the growing substrate. The results showed different responses depending on the recovered material, application rate, and application method. Among the ashes, fly ash treatments (T50-CL and T100-CL) provided the best results, with yields comparable to the mineral-fertilized control, whereas bottom ash showed lower agronomic effectiveness and was associated with a marked increase in substrate pH. For anaerobic digestate, T50-D and T100-D showed yield and quality performances comparable to TMIN, whereas T200-D resulted in reduced plant growth. Aquaponic sludge also showed satisfactory results when applied as basal fertilization, with T50-F, T100-F, and T200-F performing overall comparably to the mineral-fertilized control. Mineral fertigation increased yield compared with basal mineral fertilization, while digestate fertigation resulted in lower substrate electrical conductivity and no plant mortality compared with T100-D. In contrast, fertigation with aquaponic sludge showed lower productive effectiveness. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of the investigated recovered materials as partial or complete alternatives to mineral fertilizers. Further studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness on longer-cycle crops and under field conditions, where differences in nutrient mineralization and release dynamics may result in different crop responses compared with those observed in pots.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114337