Cattle are social animals that, during early life, develop a preferential bond with their mothers, subsequently learning social behaviors and interactions with other calves. The study described in this thesis aims to investigate the ability of young cattle to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar social partners through olfaction. For the purposes of this study, 12 calves raised by their mothers in a social environment from the earliest stages of life were subjected to a novel object test (NOT) at 61± 4.30 and 94.2 ± 5.90 days of age. Another group of 12 female calves, group-housed from their first month of life, six of which subsequently received environmental enrichment while the other six received no enrichment, serving as a control group underwent the same novel object test at 409 ± 8.10 days of age. The NOT consisted of three cardboard boxes, each containing a different olfactory cue, presented to each calf individually and randomly positioned on the left, in the middle, or on the right of the testing area. The three olfactory cues, presented simultaneously, consisted of: FAMILIAR, a 50 cm x 50 cm cotton cloth previously rubbed for one minute on the forehead, neck, rump, and shoulder of a familiar social partner (mother or a conspecific from the same social group), acting as a known cue; UNFAMILIAR, a similar cloth rubbed on the same anatomical areas of an unfamiliar social partner, serving as a novel cue and LAVENDER, a similar cloth soaked in 10 ± 2 ml of lavender hydrosol, serving as a non-bovine scent cue. Each test was recorded using a camera positioned in front of the calf, ensuring that the three boxes were clearly visible. Behavioral data regarding the young cattle's reaction to the test were extracted from the first two minutes of each trial. These included the calves' latency to touch, the laterality of their first approach, the time spent interacting with each box, and specific behavioral reactions to the olfactory cues. During the extraction of data from the videos, the observer was blind to the spatial arrangement of the cue relative to the calf. The results reveal a shorter approach latency when the familiar cue was the mother compared to lavender. However, although the limitations of the study do not allow for statistical inferences, the descriptive nature of the data can provide a significant scientific contribution to the study of young cattle’s ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar social partners, especially when included in controlled experimental settings and undergoing training.
I bovini sono animali sociali che, in una prima fase della vita, sviluppano un legame preferenziale con la propria madre per successivamente apprendere comportamenti e interazioni sociali con altri vitelli. Lo studio descritto in questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di indagare la capacità di giovani bovini di discriminare tra partner sociali familiari e non familiari attraverso l’olfatto. Al fine di questo studio, 12 vitelli cresciuti sotto madre e in un ambiente sociale sin dalle prime fasi della vita sono stati sottoposti ad un Novel Object Test (NOT) a 61± 4.30 e 94.2 ± 5.90 giorni di vita. Un altro gruppo di 12 vitelle stabulate in gruppo a partire dal primo mese di vita di cui 6 sono state poi arricchite mentre 6 non hanno avuto alcun arricchimento ambientale fungendo da controllo, sono state sottoposte allo stesso NOT a 409 ± 8.10 giorni di vita. Il NOT consisteva di tre scatole di cartone contenenti ognuna un differente stimolo olfattivo presentate a ciascun vitello individualmente e posizionate a sinistra, in mezzo o a destra rispetto all’area di test in modo randomizzato. I tre stimoli olfattivi presentati contemporaneamente consistevano in: FAMILIARE, un panno di cotone 50x50 cm precedentemente strofinato per un minuto su fronte, collo, groppa e spalla del partner sociale familiare (madre o conspecifico dello stesso gruppo sociale) come stimolo conosciuto; NON FAMILIARE, un panno analogo strofinato sulle stesse aree di un partner sociale non familiare come stimolo estraneo e LAVANDA, un panno imbevuto di 10 ± 2 ml di idrolato di lavanda come stimolo diverso dall’odore bovino. Ciascun test è stato registrato utilizzando una telecamera posizionata davanti al vitello in modo che le tre scatole siano ben visibili. Dai primi 2 minuti di ciascun test sono stati ricavati i dati comportamentali della reazione dei giovani bovini ai test come la latenza al primo approccio, la lateralità, il tempo di interazione con ciascuna scatola e comportamenti particolari di reazione agli stimoli olfattivi. Al momento dell’estrazione dei dati dai video, l’osservatore non era a conoscenza della posizione dello stimolo rispetto al vitello. Dai risultati emerge una minor latenza all’approccio quando lo stimolo familiare era la madre rispetto alla lavanda. Tuttavia, seppur i limiti dello studio non consentono di fare inferenze statistiche, la natura descrittiva dei dati può dare un rilevante contributo scientifico allo studio della capacità di giovani bovini di discriminare tra partner sociali familiari e non familiari, soprattutto se inclusi in setting sperimentali controllati e sottoposti a training.
Discriminazione tra partner sociali familiari e non familiari in giovani bovini sottoposti a Novel Object Tests contenenti diversi stimoli olfattivi.
MANSUETO, MARTINA
2025/2026
Abstract
Cattle are social animals that, during early life, develop a preferential bond with their mothers, subsequently learning social behaviors and interactions with other calves. The study described in this thesis aims to investigate the ability of young cattle to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar social partners through olfaction. For the purposes of this study, 12 calves raised by their mothers in a social environment from the earliest stages of life were subjected to a novel object test (NOT) at 61± 4.30 and 94.2 ± 5.90 days of age. Another group of 12 female calves, group-housed from their first month of life, six of which subsequently received environmental enrichment while the other six received no enrichment, serving as a control group underwent the same novel object test at 409 ± 8.10 days of age. The NOT consisted of three cardboard boxes, each containing a different olfactory cue, presented to each calf individually and randomly positioned on the left, in the middle, or on the right of the testing area. The three olfactory cues, presented simultaneously, consisted of: FAMILIAR, a 50 cm x 50 cm cotton cloth previously rubbed for one minute on the forehead, neck, rump, and shoulder of a familiar social partner (mother or a conspecific from the same social group), acting as a known cue; UNFAMILIAR, a similar cloth rubbed on the same anatomical areas of an unfamiliar social partner, serving as a novel cue and LAVENDER, a similar cloth soaked in 10 ± 2 ml of lavender hydrosol, serving as a non-bovine scent cue. Each test was recorded using a camera positioned in front of the calf, ensuring that the three boxes were clearly visible. Behavioral data regarding the young cattle's reaction to the test were extracted from the first two minutes of each trial. These included the calves' latency to touch, the laterality of their first approach, the time spent interacting with each box, and specific behavioral reactions to the olfactory cues. During the extraction of data from the videos, the observer was blind to the spatial arrangement of the cue relative to the calf. The results reveal a shorter approach latency when the familiar cue was the mother compared to lavender. However, although the limitations of the study do not allow for statistical inferences, the descriptive nature of the data can provide a significant scientific contribution to the study of young cattle’s ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar social partners, especially when included in controlled experimental settings and undergoing training.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114392