During the first months of life, milk represents an infant’s primary source of nutrition, while also playing a fundamental role in health and development. This paper aims to focus on its most relevant biological aspects, beginning with an analysis of the nutritional and immunological components of both breast milk and infant formula. The discussion then highlights the key link between milk and neonatal health: gut microbiota. Advances in genomic sequencing technologies have demonstrated that microbiota’s composition directly influences development and function of the host immune system. Breast milk is associated with the establishment of a microbiota dominated by beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, which can ferment human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), producing metabolites that help protect the infant against pathogenic microorganisms. In contrast, the gut microbiota of formula-fed infants differs from that of breastfed infants and, in some cases, may be associated with dysbiosis. As discussed in the final section, these differences in microbial composition may have long-term implications for health, as they have been linked to an increased risk of intestinal, metabolic and respiratory diseases later in life. Nevertheless, although scientific evidence consistently highlights the benefits of breastfeeding, these findings should not be interpreted as stigmatizing infant formula. Formula feeding is a safe and nutritionally adequate alternative and, in some circumstances, the only viable option for ensuring healthy infant growth and development.
Nei primi mesi di vita, il latte rappresenta la principale fonte di nutrimento di un individuo, ma ricopre anche un ruolo di fondamentale importanza nel suo benessere. Il seguente lavoro si propone di presentare la tematica, considerando gli aspetti biologici più rilevanti, a partire dall’analisi delle componenti nutrizionali e immunologiche del latte materno e artificiale. In seguito, verrà evidenziato il punto di connessione tra latte e salute del neonato: il microbiota. Infatti, la composizione batterica intestinale, oggi studiata grazie alle tecniche di sequenziamento genomico, incide direttamente sul sistema immunitario dell’ospite. Il latte materno è associato allo sviluppo di un microbiota in cui prevalgono specie benefiche come Bifidobacteria e Lactobacillus, capaci di fermentare gli oligosaccaridi del latte umano (HMO), generando metaboliti che proteggono dall’attacco di patogeni. Dall’altra parte, la composizione del microbiota sviluppatosi tramite latte in formula, differisce da quella del latte materno e può essere associata in alcuni casi a disbiosi. Come presentato in ultima istanza, tali differenze batteriche possono impattare sulla salute nell’età adulta, in quanto associate all’insorgenza di patologie intestinali, metaboliche e respiratorie. Tuttavia, sebbene gli studi siano concordi nell’evidenziare i benefici del latte materno, questo dato non va interpretato come stigma nei confronti della formula, che rappresenta una scelta sicura e in alcuni casi la sola disponibile per la crescita neonatale.
L'influenza del latte materno e della formula nella definizione del microbiota
DARIN, CHIARA
2025/2026
Abstract
During the first months of life, milk represents an infant’s primary source of nutrition, while also playing a fundamental role in health and development. This paper aims to focus on its most relevant biological aspects, beginning with an analysis of the nutritional and immunological components of both breast milk and infant formula. The discussion then highlights the key link between milk and neonatal health: gut microbiota. Advances in genomic sequencing technologies have demonstrated that microbiota’s composition directly influences development and function of the host immune system. Breast milk is associated with the establishment of a microbiota dominated by beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, which can ferment human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), producing metabolites that help protect the infant against pathogenic microorganisms. In contrast, the gut microbiota of formula-fed infants differs from that of breastfed infants and, in some cases, may be associated with dysbiosis. As discussed in the final section, these differences in microbial composition may have long-term implications for health, as they have been linked to an increased risk of intestinal, metabolic and respiratory diseases later in life. Nevertheless, although scientific evidence consistently highlights the benefits of breastfeeding, these findings should not be interpreted as stigmatizing infant formula. Formula feeding is a safe and nutritionally adequate alternative and, in some circumstances, the only viable option for ensuring healthy infant growth and development.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114795