This thesis analyzes the role of the PAK5-HMGCS2 molecular pathway in breast cancer progression, focusing on the metabolic mechanisms involved in the production of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), the primary ketone body derived from a ketogenic diet. Through an experimental study involving cell lines, animal models, and patient samples, the research investigates how the protein kinase PAK5 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting HMGCS2 enzyme activity and reducing β-HB synthesis. The results demonstrate that high PAK5 expression is associated with reduced levels of HMGCS2 and β-HB, thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration, and metastatic spread. Conversely, β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation and ketogenic diet treatment were found to counteract these effects, reducing tumor progression both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the study suggests that the PAK5-HMGCS2 axis represents a potential prognostic biomarker and a possible therapeutic target for metastatic breast cancer. Thus, the thesis highlights the importance of ketone metabolism regulation in breast cancer biology and supports the use of metabolic strategies, such as the ketogenic diet, in conjunction with conventional oncological therapies.
La presente tesi analizza il ruolo della via molecolare PAK5-HMGCS2 nella progressione del carcinoma mammario, con particolare attenzione ai meccanismi metabolici coinvolti nella produzione del β-idrossibutirrato (β-HB), principale corpo chetonico derivante dalla dieta chetogenica. Attraverso l’analisi di uno studio sperimentale condotto su linee cellulari, modelli animali e campioni di pazienti affetti da carcinoma mammario, vengono approfonditi i meccanismi con cui la proteina chinasi PAK5 promuove la crescita tumorale e la metastasi, inibendo l’attività dell’enzima HMGCS2 e riducendo la sintesi di β-HB. I risultati evidenziano che l’elevata espressione di PAK5 è associata a una diminuzione dei livelli di HMGCS2 e β-HB, favorendo la proliferazione cellulare, la migrazione e la diffusione metastatica. Al contrario, l’integrazione di β-idrossibutirrato e il trattamento tramite dieta chetogenica sono risultati in grado di contrastare tali effetti, riducendo la progressione tumorale sia in vitro che in vivo. Lo studio suggerisce inoltre che l’asse PAK5-HMGCS2 rappresenti un potenziale biomarcatore prognostico e un possibile bersaglio terapeutico per il trattamento del carcinoma mammario metastatico. La tesi evidenzia quindi l’importanza della regolazione del metabolismo chetonico nella biologia del tumore al seno e supporta l’utilizzo di strategie metaboliche, come la dieta chetogenica, in associazione alle terapie oncologiche convenzionali.
Dalla disfunzione metabolica alla strategia dietetica: l’asse PAK5-HMGCS2 come target nel carcinoma mammario metastatico
GALVAN, GIOIA CLAIRE
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the role of the PAK5-HMGCS2 molecular pathway in breast cancer progression, focusing on the metabolic mechanisms involved in the production of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), the primary ketone body derived from a ketogenic diet. Through an experimental study involving cell lines, animal models, and patient samples, the research investigates how the protein kinase PAK5 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting HMGCS2 enzyme activity and reducing β-HB synthesis. The results demonstrate that high PAK5 expression is associated with reduced levels of HMGCS2 and β-HB, thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration, and metastatic spread. Conversely, β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation and ketogenic diet treatment were found to counteract these effects, reducing tumor progression both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the study suggests that the PAK5-HMGCS2 axis represents a potential prognostic biomarker and a possible therapeutic target for metastatic breast cancer. Thus, the thesis highlights the importance of ketone metabolism regulation in breast cancer biology and supports the use of metabolic strategies, such as the ketogenic diet, in conjunction with conventional oncological therapies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114804