The marine acoustic environment is highly complex, comprising vibrations and sound fields categorized by their origin into biophony, anthrophony, and geophony. Understanding how underwater noise affects marine organisms represents the critical first step toward assessing the diverse anthropogenic pressures acting upon aquatic ecosystems. Within seahorses, which belong to the family Syngnathidae (which also comprises seadragons and pipefishes), research regarding acoustic communication and potential threats remains scarce. By investigating two sympatric species, Hippocampus hippocampus and Hippocampus guttulatus, that inhabit coastal habitats, estuaries, and lagoons throughout the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, this study aims to characterize their habitat soundscapes, assess their hearing abilities, and evaluate their potential vulnerability to underwater noise. The study focuses on three distinct natural seahorse habitats in central and southern Portugal: the Tagus estuary, the Sado estuary, and the Ria Formosa lagoon. Field recordings were conducted to evaluate the soundscape at the three locations. To assess auditory capabilities, eight individuals per species were tested (balanced equally by sex, with four males and four females per group). The three investigated habitats exhibited substantial differences. The Tagus estuary emerged as the loudest and most variable environment, characterized by broadband noise dominated by low-frequency energy associated with commercial shipping; this finding is highly consistent with previous studies demonstrating that such a soundscape is typical of environments impacted by intense maritime traffic. The Sado estuary showed intermediate noise levels, characterized by high-frequency peaks likely produced by snapping shrimps and/or small motorized vessels. Conversely, Ria Formosa was the quietest and most stable site, displaying the lowest SPL values and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. On the other hand, the audiometric trials revealed that both species share a similar auditory profile, with their highest hearing sensitivity restricted to low frequencies (30–100 Hz) and thresholds around 90–100 dB re 1 µPa. Consequently, by overlaying the soundscape data with the audiometric curves, it became evident that the Tagus estuary exhibits the greatest potential for auditory masking, raising concerns about the conservation management of syngnathids.
La produzione di suoni nel mondo animale è particolarmente importante in diversi contesti sociali. L’ambiente sonoro marino è abbastanza complesso e unisce una serie di vibrazioni classificabili in base all’origine in: biofonie (biologica), antropofonie (antropogenica) e geofonie (geologica). Nei cavallucci marini, della famiglia dei Syngnathidae (che comprende anche pesci drago, pesci ago-cavallino e pesci ago), le ricerche riguardo la comunicazione acustica e le potenziali minacce sono scarse. Questo studio prendendo in esame due specie, Hippocampus hippocampus e Hippocampus guttulatus, che abitano le zone costiere del nord-est dell’oceano Atlantico e del Mar Mediterraneo, si pone l’obbiettivo di caratterizzare il paesaggio acustico degli habitat naturali di questi animali e indagarne le strategie adattative e le potenziali minacce. Il lavoro svolto si focalizza su tre zone che fungono da habitat naturali dei cavallucci marini dal centro al sud del Portogallo: l’estuario del fiume Tago, l’estuario del fiume Sado e la laguna di Ria Formosa. Sono state condotte registrazioni sul campo per valutare l’ambiente acustico delle tre zone. Per quanto riguarda le capacità uditive, sono stati testati otto individui per specie (4 maschi e quattro femmine). I tre habitat studiati hanno mostrato delle differenze. L’estuario del Tago è emerso come il più rumoroso e variabile, caratterizzato da rumori a banda larga e a bassa frequenza associati al traffico navale. L’estuario del Sado ha dimostrato livelli di rumore intermedi, con picchi ad alta frequenza dovuti a gamberi pistola (Alpheus heterochaelis) e/o piccole barche a motore. Invece, Ria formosa è emerso come il meno rumoroso e più stabile dal punto di vista acustico, mostrando valori più bassi di SPL e un impatto antropogenico minimo. Per quanto riguarda gli studi di audiometria, entrambe le specie hanno dimostrato un profilo auditorio simile, con la maggior sensibilità acustica ristretta a basse frequenze (30–100 Hz) e valori soglia intorno 90–100 dB re 1 µPa. Sovrapponendo successivamente le curve audiometriche ai dati dei paesaggi acustici, il Tago ha dimostrato un grande potenziale di mascheramento uditivo, sollevando preoccupazioni sulla gestione della conservazione dei Syngnathidae.
Caratterizzazione dei paesaggi acustici naturali e delle abilità uditive dei cavallucci marini: adattamenti sensoriali e potenziali minacce
SALADINO, SAMUELE
2025/2026
Abstract
The marine acoustic environment is highly complex, comprising vibrations and sound fields categorized by their origin into biophony, anthrophony, and geophony. Understanding how underwater noise affects marine organisms represents the critical first step toward assessing the diverse anthropogenic pressures acting upon aquatic ecosystems. Within seahorses, which belong to the family Syngnathidae (which also comprises seadragons and pipefishes), research regarding acoustic communication and potential threats remains scarce. By investigating two sympatric species, Hippocampus hippocampus and Hippocampus guttulatus, that inhabit coastal habitats, estuaries, and lagoons throughout the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, this study aims to characterize their habitat soundscapes, assess their hearing abilities, and evaluate their potential vulnerability to underwater noise. The study focuses on three distinct natural seahorse habitats in central and southern Portugal: the Tagus estuary, the Sado estuary, and the Ria Formosa lagoon. Field recordings were conducted to evaluate the soundscape at the three locations. To assess auditory capabilities, eight individuals per species were tested (balanced equally by sex, with four males and four females per group). The three investigated habitats exhibited substantial differences. The Tagus estuary emerged as the loudest and most variable environment, characterized by broadband noise dominated by low-frequency energy associated with commercial shipping; this finding is highly consistent with previous studies demonstrating that such a soundscape is typical of environments impacted by intense maritime traffic. The Sado estuary showed intermediate noise levels, characterized by high-frequency peaks likely produced by snapping shrimps and/or small motorized vessels. Conversely, Ria Formosa was the quietest and most stable site, displaying the lowest SPL values and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. On the other hand, the audiometric trials revealed that both species share a similar auditory profile, with their highest hearing sensitivity restricted to low frequencies (30–100 Hz) and thresholds around 90–100 dB re 1 µPa. Consequently, by overlaying the soundscape data with the audiometric curves, it became evident that the Tagus estuary exhibits the greatest potential for auditory masking, raising concerns about the conservation management of syngnathids.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Samuele_Saladino.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
2.04 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.04 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114823