Melanoma is one of the cancers with the highest rate of metastatic progression, and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Its pathogenesis is closely linked to molecular alterations in the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways; among these, the subgroup of melanomas with NRAS mutations is associated with a poor clinical prognosis due to the lack of targeted therapies. In this context, oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent an innovative therapeutic strategy, thanks to their ability to induce lysis restricted to tumor cells and to stimulate a systemic antitumor response. However, their efficacy is limited by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that hinders their spread. This experimental study aims to evaluate the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as nanovectors for the delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses, exploiting their intrinsic tumor tropism, reduced immunogenicity, and ability to cross biological barriers. To this end, the vesicles were characterized in accordance with MISEV guidelines (cryo-EM, NTA, Western blot). The loading of oncolytic adenoviruses was assessed through physicochemical characterization using DLS, NTA, and TEM, comparing three loading protocols: co-incubation, and sonication.
Il melanoma costituisce una delle neoplasie a più elevata progressione metastatica, con un tasso di incidenza globale in costante incremento. La sua patogenesi è strettamente legata ad alterazioni molecolari a carico delle vie MAPK/ERK e PI3K/AKT; tra queste, il sottogruppo di melanomi con mutazione NRAS, è associato a decorso clinico sfavorevole per assenza di terapie mirate. In questo contesto, i virus oncolitici (OVs) si configurano come strategia terapeutica innovativa, grazie alla loro capacità di indurre lisi ristretta alle cellule tumorali e di stimolare una risposta antitumorale sistemica. Tuttavia, l’efficacia di questi ultimi è limitata a causa di un microambiente tumorale immunosoppressivo che ne ostacola la diffusione. Il presente lavoro sperimentale si propone di valutare l’utilizzo delle vescicole extracellulari (EVs) come nanovettori per la somministrazione di adenovirus oncolitici, sfruttandone il tropismo tumorale intrinseco, la ridotta immunogenicità e la capacità di attraversare le barriere biologiche. A tal fine, le vescicole sono state caratterizzate in conformità alle linee guida MISEV (cryo-EM, NTA, western blot). Il caricamento degli adenovirus oncolitici è stato valutato tramite caratterizzazione chimico-fisica mediante DLS, NTA e TEM, confrontando tre protocolli di caricamento: co-incubazione e sonicazione.
Vescicole extracellulari come nanovettori per la somministrazione di virus oncolitici nella terapia oncologica
BEGIATO, VITTORIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the cancers with the highest rate of metastatic progression, and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Its pathogenesis is closely linked to molecular alterations in the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways; among these, the subgroup of melanomas with NRAS mutations is associated with a poor clinical prognosis due to the lack of targeted therapies. In this context, oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent an innovative therapeutic strategy, thanks to their ability to induce lysis restricted to tumor cells and to stimulate a systemic antitumor response. However, their efficacy is limited by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that hinders their spread. This experimental study aims to evaluate the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as nanovectors for the delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses, exploiting their intrinsic tumor tropism, reduced immunogenicity, and ability to cross biological barriers. To this end, the vesicles were characterized in accordance with MISEV guidelines (cryo-EM, NTA, Western blot). The loading of oncolytic adenoviruses was assessed through physicochemical characterization using DLS, NTA, and TEM, comparing three loading protocols: co-incubation, and sonication.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114833