Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short sequences of DNA or RNA complementary to specific target sequences, aimed at modulating gene expression through RNA degradation or target inhibition without degradation. This approach is highly innovative: by acting at the pre-translational level, it allows for direct intervention in the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases and, furthermore, enables the targeting of molecules considered difficult to address with traditional small-molecule or monoclonal antibody therapies. This thesis aims to analyze the mechanisms of action of oligonucleotides and the chemical modifications made to them in order to improve their stability and binding specificity. Modified ASOs find application in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. This work provides an overview of the clinical applications of ASOs currently under evaluation for conditions such as ALS, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, with a focus on SMA, the first disease to see the approval of an ASO-based therapy, nusinersen. The cases examined demonstrate the high therapeutic potential of ASOs in treating neurodegenerative diseases and offer real hope for the development of effective treatments against neurological conditions that currently remain incurable.
Gli oligonucleotidi antisenso (ASO) sono corte sequenze di DNA o RNA complementari a specifiche sequenze bersaglio, finalizzate alla modulazione dell’espressione genica tramite degradazione dell’RNA o inibizione senza degradazione del target. Tale approccio è altamente innovativo: agendo a livello pre-traduzionale, permette di intervenire direttamente sui meccanismi molecolari alla base delle patologie e, inoltre, consente di colpire bersagli considerati difficili da raggiungere con terapie tradizionali a base di piccole molecole chimiche o anticorpi monoclonali. Questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di analizzare i meccanismi d’azione degli oligonucleotidi e le modifiche chimiche ad essi apportate allo scopo di migliorarne la stabilità e la specificità di legame. Gli ASO modificati trovano applicazione in un ampio spettro di patologie neurodegenerative. In questa tesi è stata presentata una panoramica delle applicazioni cliniche degli ASO in corso di valutazione per patologie quali la SLA, la malattia di Huntington, la malattia di Parkinson e la malattia di Alzheimer, con un particolare approfondimento sulla SMA, prima patologia ad aver visto l’approvazione di una terapia a base di ASO, il nusinersen. I casi considerati dimostrano l’elevato potenziale terapeutico degli ASO nel trattamento di malattie neurodegenerative e offrono reali speranze per lo sviluppo di trattamenti efficaci contro patologie neurologiche ad oggi ancora senza cura.
Terapie farmacologiche a base di oligonucleotidi nelle patologie neurodegenerative
CECCHETTO, VITTORIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short sequences of DNA or RNA complementary to specific target sequences, aimed at modulating gene expression through RNA degradation or target inhibition without degradation. This approach is highly innovative: by acting at the pre-translational level, it allows for direct intervention in the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases and, furthermore, enables the targeting of molecules considered difficult to address with traditional small-molecule or monoclonal antibody therapies. This thesis aims to analyze the mechanisms of action of oligonucleotides and the chemical modifications made to them in order to improve their stability and binding specificity. Modified ASOs find application in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. This work provides an overview of the clinical applications of ASOs currently under evaluation for conditions such as ALS, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, with a focus on SMA, the first disease to see the approval of an ASO-based therapy, nusinersen. The cases examined demonstrate the high therapeutic potential of ASOs in treating neurodegenerative diseases and offer real hope for the development of effective treatments against neurological conditions that currently remain incurable.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114848