Murine gastruloids are three-dimensional aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) capable of recapitulating key events of gastrulation, axial elongation, and early organogenesis in vitro. Despite being generated under tightly controlled experimental conditions, these systems display marked inter-individual heterogeneity. This thesis presents a critical analysis of the work by Regalado et al. (2025), which addresses this issue by developing a scalable protocol for generating monoclonal gastruloids integrated with the DNA Typewriter genomic lineage-recording system. This approach enables the reconstruction of cellular lineage relationships and the investigation of whether intrinsic cellular states are heritable across cell divisions and contribute to phenotypic variability among gastruloids. The results reveal emerging cell-fate biases during the earliest cell divisions, preceding differentiation induction. Furthermore, phylogenetically closer founder cells tend to generate gastruloids with more similar cellular compositions. However, these conclusions remain correlative and do not identify the molecular basis of the heritable states. Finally, this thesis discusses the model’s biological fidelity to the mouse embryo, methodological limitations related to sample selection, and the dependence of the results on culture conditions, framing the study as strong evidence that provides a foundation for future causal investigations.
Con il termine gastruloidi murini si indicano aggregati tridimensionali di cellule staminali embrionali murine (mESC), capaci di manifestare in vitro eventi chiave della gastrulazione, dell’elongazione assiale e dell'organogenesi precoce. Anche in condizioni sperimentali strettamente controllate, questi sistemi mostrano una marcata eterogeneità interindividuale. Il presente elaborato presenta un'analisi critica del lavoro di Regalado et al. (2025), che affronta questo problema sviluppando un protocollo scalabile per la generazione di gastruloidi monoclonali, integrato con il sistema di registrazione genomica del lignaggio DNA Typewriter. Si ricostruiscono così le relazioni di parentela cellulare, indagando se vi sia ereditabilità di stati cellulari intrinseci attraverso le divisioni cellulari e quanto tali stati contribuiscano alla variabilità fenotipica degli aggregati. I risultati evidenziano bias di destino emergenti già nelle prime divisioni cellulari, antecedenti all'induzione differenziativa. Inoltre, fondatrici filogeneticamente più vicine mostrano una tendenza a generare gastruloidi con composizione cellulare maggiormente simile. Le conclusioni sono correlative e non identificano ancora il substrato molecolare degli stati ereditabili. L'elaborato discute infine la fedeltà biologica del modello rispetto all'embrione murino, i limiti metodologici della selezione campionaria e la dipendenza dei risultati dalle condizioni di coltura, inquadrando il lavoro come una prova solida che pone le basi per studi causali futuri.
Valutazione critica di modelli di embrioni murini basati su cellule staminali: gastruloidi monoclonali e tracciamento del lignaggio cellulare per indagare l'ereditabilità degli stati intrinseci nelle cellule staminali
RAMBALDO, ANDREA
2025/2026
Abstract
Murine gastruloids are three-dimensional aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) capable of recapitulating key events of gastrulation, axial elongation, and early organogenesis in vitro. Despite being generated under tightly controlled experimental conditions, these systems display marked inter-individual heterogeneity. This thesis presents a critical analysis of the work by Regalado et al. (2025), which addresses this issue by developing a scalable protocol for generating monoclonal gastruloids integrated with the DNA Typewriter genomic lineage-recording system. This approach enables the reconstruction of cellular lineage relationships and the investigation of whether intrinsic cellular states are heritable across cell divisions and contribute to phenotypic variability among gastruloids. The results reveal emerging cell-fate biases during the earliest cell divisions, preceding differentiation induction. Furthermore, phylogenetically closer founder cells tend to generate gastruloids with more similar cellular compositions. However, these conclusions remain correlative and do not identify the molecular basis of the heritable states. Finally, this thesis discusses the model’s biological fidelity to the mouse embryo, methodological limitations related to sample selection, and the dependence of the results on culture conditions, framing the study as strong evidence that provides a foundation for future causal investigations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114985