Prenatal ethanol exposure induces persistent central nervous system damage, contributing to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The present study investigates the role of epigenetic reprogramming in brain endothelial cells as a mechanism underlying blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Research using human brain microcapillary endothelial cells (HBMECs) and mouse models demonstrated that ethanol induces significant global DNA hypomethylation, associated with reduced DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels, alongside dose-dependent alterations in the expression of regulators MeCP2 and VEZF1. This hypomethylation persists following ethanol withdrawal and affects the promoters of key BBB genes, such as GLUT1, which becomes hypomethylated, and CLDN5, which conversely exhibits pathological hypermethylation at higher doses. In vivo, prenatal exposure triggers excessive yet defective angiogenesis, leading to vascular permeability alterations and, in later developmental stages, hypovascularization. In vitro treatment with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) restored methylation levels, suggesting that interventions targeting the epigenetic machinery may counteract the permanent neurovascular deficits typical of FASD. In conclusion, these findings underscore how ethanol induces lasting epigenetic changes that compromise cerebral vascular integrity, identifying DNA methylation as a potential therapeutic target for FASD.
L'esposizione prenatale all'etanolo provoca danni persistenti al sistema nervoso centrale, contribuendo ai disturbi dello spettro fetale alcolico (FASD). Lo studio presentato indaga il ruolo della riprogrammazione epigenetica nelle cellule endoteliali cerebrali come meccanismo coinvolto nella disfunzione della barriera emato-encefalica (BEE). L’impiego di cellule endoteliali umane (HBMEC) e di modelli murini ha dimostrato che l’etanolo induce una significativa ipometilazione globale del DNA, associata a una riduzione dell'attività delle DNA metiltransferasi (DNMT) e dei livelli di 5-metilcitosina (5mC), nonché a un’alterazione dose-dipendente dell’espressione dei regolatori MeCP2 e VEZF1. Tale ipometilazione persiste anche dopo la rimozione dell'alcol e colpisce i promotori di geni chiave per la BEE, come GLUT1 che risulta ipometilato e CLDN5 che contrariamente presenta un’ipermetilazione patologica a dosi elevate. In vivo, l'esposizione prenatale determina un’angiogenesi eccessiva ma difettosa che comporta alterazioni della permeabilità vascolare e, nelle fasi tardive dello sviluppo, ipovascolarizzazione. Il trattamento in vitro con S-adenosilmetionina (SAM) ha ripristinato i livelli di metilazione suggerendo che interventi sul macchinario epigenetico possano contrastare i deficit neurovascolari permanenti tipici della FASD. In conclusione, i risultati evidenziano come l’etanolo induca cambiamenti epigenetici duraturi che compromettono l'integrità della vascolatura cerebrale, individuando nella metilazione del DNA un potenziale bersaglio terapeutico per i FASD.
Alterazione del profilo di espressione di DNMT1/3a/3b e ipometilazione persistente del DNA indotte dall’etanolo: impatto sulle cellule endoteliali cerebrali e sull'angiogenesi corticale tardiva
SERRAVALLO, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure induces persistent central nervous system damage, contributing to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The present study investigates the role of epigenetic reprogramming in brain endothelial cells as a mechanism underlying blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Research using human brain microcapillary endothelial cells (HBMECs) and mouse models demonstrated that ethanol induces significant global DNA hypomethylation, associated with reduced DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels, alongside dose-dependent alterations in the expression of regulators MeCP2 and VEZF1. This hypomethylation persists following ethanol withdrawal and affects the promoters of key BBB genes, such as GLUT1, which becomes hypomethylated, and CLDN5, which conversely exhibits pathological hypermethylation at higher doses. In vivo, prenatal exposure triggers excessive yet defective angiogenesis, leading to vascular permeability alterations and, in later developmental stages, hypovascularization. In vitro treatment with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) restored methylation levels, suggesting that interventions targeting the epigenetic machinery may counteract the permanent neurovascular deficits typical of FASD. In conclusion, these findings underscore how ethanol induces lasting epigenetic changes that compromise cerebral vascular integrity, identifying DNA methylation as a potential therapeutic target for FASD.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Elisa_Serravallo.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114992