Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents one of the neurodegenerative dementias with the greatest social and economic impact globally. It is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The effectiveness of current therapies is severely limited by late diagnosis, which is usually performed when the disorder is already in an advanced stage and neurostructural damage is irreversible. This thesis focuses on recently developed early diagnosis techniques and non-invasive therapeutic protocols based on neuromodulation. From a diagnostic perspective, the role of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in early diagnosis is examined. In particular, recent technological advancements in instrumentation are discussed: LYSO/LSO scintillators, SiPM photodetectors, and time-of-flight protocols (TOF-PET). Subsequently, as a less invasive and more accessible technique, studies on diagnosis using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are presented for the identification of early retinal biomarkers (such as RNFL and GCC complex). From a therapeutic field, the study focuses on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and its clinical protocols. In particular, the basic electronics of single-pulse TMS and repetitive TMS (rTMS, the technique used in therapeutic settings) are analyzed. The impact of coil geometry (figure-of-eight coil and H-coil) on stimulation is discussed, and new geometries designed for deep neuronal tissue stimulation (Deep TMS) are introduced. Finally, clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of these therapeutic protocols, with evidence of long-term outcomes, are presented.
La malattia di Alzheimer (AD) rappresenta una delle forme di demenza neurodegenerative a maggiore impatto sociale ed economico a livello globale, è caratterizzata dall’accumulo di placche di proteina beta-amiloide e dalla formazione di ammassi di proteina tau iperfosforilata. L’efficacia delle terapie attuali è fortemente limitata dalla tardività della diagnosi, che solitamente viene eseguita quando il disturbo è già nella sua forma avanzata, quando il danno neurostrutturale è irreversibile. Il presente lavoro di tesi si focalizza sulle tecniche di diagnosi precoce recentemente sviluppate e su eventuali protocolli terapeutici non farmacologici, non invasivi e basati sulla neuromodulazione. Dal punto di vista diagnostico, si esamina il ruolo della Tomografia ad Emissione di Positroni (PET) nella diagnosi precoce, in particolare, si propongono nuovi avanzamenti tecnologici dal punto di vista della strumentazione: scintillatori LYSO/LSO, fotorivelatori SiPM e protocolli time-of-flight (TOF-PET). Successivamente, come tecnica meno invasiva e maggiormente accessibile, si propongono degli studi sulla diagnosi attraverso l’uso della Tomografia a Coerenza Ottica per l’individuazione di biomarcatori precoci retinici (es. assottigliamento degli strati RNFL e GCC e riduzione della densità vascolare). Dal punto di vista terapeutico, lo studio si concentra sulla Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica (TMS) e i suoi protocolli terapeutici. In particolare, si analizza l’elettronica di base della TMS ad impulso singolo e della rTMS (tecnica utilizzata in ambito terapeutico). Si discute l’impatto della geometria delle bobine (eight-coil e H-coil) sulla stimolazione e si introducono nuove geometrie progettate per la stimolazione in profondità del tessuto neuronale (Deep TMS). Infine, vengono presentati dei trial clinici che hanno dimostrato l’efficacia dei protocolli terapeutici, con risultati anche a lungo termine.
Diagnosi Precoce e Nuove Frontiere Terapeutiche nella Malattia di Alzheimer
MARTIRI, EVA
2025/2026
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents one of the neurodegenerative dementias with the greatest social and economic impact globally. It is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The effectiveness of current therapies is severely limited by late diagnosis, which is usually performed when the disorder is already in an advanced stage and neurostructural damage is irreversible. This thesis focuses on recently developed early diagnosis techniques and non-invasive therapeutic protocols based on neuromodulation. From a diagnostic perspective, the role of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in early diagnosis is examined. In particular, recent technological advancements in instrumentation are discussed: LYSO/LSO scintillators, SiPM photodetectors, and time-of-flight protocols (TOF-PET). Subsequently, as a less invasive and more accessible technique, studies on diagnosis using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are presented for the identification of early retinal biomarkers (such as RNFL and GCC complex). From a therapeutic field, the study focuses on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and its clinical protocols. In particular, the basic electronics of single-pulse TMS and repetitive TMS (rTMS, the technique used in therapeutic settings) are analyzed. The impact of coil geometry (figure-of-eight coil and H-coil) on stimulation is discussed, and new geometries designed for deep neuronal tissue stimulation (Deep TMS) are introduced. Finally, clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of these therapeutic protocols, with evidence of long-term outcomes, are presented.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115119